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Zeaxanthin came up in the scientific world during the search for nutrients in colorful fruits and vegetables. As researchers looked closer at sources such as corn, yellow peppers, and spinach, they identified this pigment alongside lutein. Although early studies focused on the broader category of carotenoids, interest in zeaxanthin grew with the realization that it collected in the central retina, the macula. This insight in the last few decades changed how eye health is understood and sparked efforts to isolate, purify, and study zeaxanthin's impact on human vision. Farmers and food producers started adjusting growing techniques to boost zeaxanthin yield, and supplement manufacturers began to extract it at industrial scale, shaping the market for its use today.
Zeaxanthin appears as a bright yellow powder when sourced from marigold petals or certain types of microalgae. Manufacturers refine it for use in tablets, soft gels, and food fortification, often blending it with lutein. In supplement form, it often partners with vitamins, minerals, and other carotenoids to target age-related macular degeneration or promote general eye health. The ingredient expanded into sports nutrition, cosmetics for skin protection, and animal feed to alter yolk color or improve fish pigmentation. With consumer awareness growing, it now features in multivitamin blends, vision formulas, energy drinks, and ready-to-eat snacks.
Zeaxanthin shows off a yellow-orange hue thanks to its structure loaded with conjugated double bonds. The pigment is fat-soluble, almost insoluble in water, with poor bioavailability unless delivered in an oil suspension or encapsulation. Its molecular formula, C40H56O2, includes two alcohol groups, making the molecule more reactive than pure hydrocarbons but vulnerable to light, heat, and oxygen. Its melting point sits near 230–240°C, signaling some thermal stability, but extended exposure still leads to degradation. Food and supplement makers often wrap it in microcapsules with antioxidants to keep its color and nutritional punch intact.
Products containing zeaxanthin display content either in milligrams or micrograms, often listed alongside lutein for eye health claims. Regulatory agencies such as the FDA in the United States and EFSA in Europe ask for precision, so quality control specialists routinely check for the trans-isomer content and possible contaminants. Labels mandate identification of the botanical source—often Tagetes erecta or microalgae—and capsule shell ingredients. Allergen-free claims matter for customers, as does certification for vegetarian or vegan formulas. Companies selling bulk zeaxanthin use certificates of analysis to communicate purity, strength, solvent residue, and microbiological safety, allowing smaller brands to build formulas on this data.
Commercial zeaxanthin comes from extraction out of marigold petals using food-grade solvents like hexane or supercritical CO2, then purification through crystallization or chromatography. Some producers embrace fermentation: engineered strains of bacteria or yeast convert sugars into zeaxanthin, opening doors for more sustainable, non-GMO, or organic labeling. After extraction, the ingredient sees rigorous filtration and drying before blending with carriers such as corn oil or microcrystalline cellulose for easy mixing into capsules or beverages. Short supply chains and improved purification have brought down prices and cut solvent waste over the last decade.
Natural zeaxanthin often moves through processes to stabilize and enhance its function in food and supplements. Esterification, which joins fatty acids to the molecule, protects zeaxanthin from breaking down during storage or use. This ester is then hydrolyzed in the gut, freeing zeaxanthin for absorption. Some companies microencapsulate zeaxanthin in starches or proteins to mask flavor and improve mixing in water-based drinks, while others experiment with liposomal or nanoemulsion approaches to enhance absorption. Solubility remains an ongoing challenge, and the food science community keeps testing ways to improve dispersibility without altering the original structure.
On ingredient lists, you’ll see zeaxanthin called by its own name or as (3R,3′R)-β,β-carotene-3,3′-diol, reflecting its role as a hydroxylated carotenoid. Some brands market it as OptiSharp or EyePromise Zeaxanthin, while others link it with lutein in dual products under names like LuteMax or FloraGLO. These trademarked materials often claim cleaner processing or higher bioavailability, targeting informed shoppers who read nutrition science journals or seek specific macular benefits.
Large-scale producers respect a roster of operational rules to ensure zeaxanthin reaches consumers safely. Good Manufacturing Practices cover cleanliness, cross-contamination prevention, and verification of active content. Health authorities demand batch testing for heavy metals, pesticide residues, and microbiological hazards. Acceptable daily intake ranges tend to cluster around 2 mg to 10 mg for healthy adults, though some populations take higher doses in clinical research. Importers face documentation requests, while supplement firms keep up with self-regulatory programs such as NSF or USP verification.
Zeaxanthin left behind its roots as a mere plant pigment long ago. It supports eye health, especially in slowing the development of age-related macular degeneration by filtering blue light before it damages retinal cells. Clinics use it in formulations meant for macular support, and optometrists sometimes recommend it alongside prescription products. In food processing, zeaxanthin colors dairy, baked goods, and snacks, pushing past the limits of synthetic yellow dyes. Poultry farms add it to chicken feed to deepen yolk and skin colors, while aquaculture businesses treat farmed trout and salmon to improve fillet appeal. Pet foods for exotic birds and reptiles include zeaxanthin for feather and scale health.
Nutritional science teams keep drilling into the best ways to enhance zeaxanthin absorption. Trials using emulsified soft gels show a bump in blood levels compared to dry blends. Pharmaceutical research investigates zeaxanthin’s potential for neuroprotection or cardiovascular support, testing both isolated and combined formulas in aging populations. Some startups chase the idea of using gene-edited crops with higher zeaxanthin content, hoping to offer more functional food choices. Elsewhere, biomaterials experts touch on zeaxanthin as a natural antioxidant stabilizer for packaging films, which opens up new industrial roles outside the health sector.
Toxicologists studied zeaxanthin by giving rodents high doses for months, then tracking organ health, blood chemistry, and eye structure. Tests rarely turned up any serious adverse effects, even at amounts hundreds of times higher than found in a regular diet. In humans, side effects only turn up as skin yellowing (carotenodermia) at excessive intakes, which clears once people scale back consumption. Regulatory reviews from global agencies repeatedly confirm its safety as a food ingredient and supplement, especially at levels reflecting typical dietary intake or moderate supplementation. Still, zeal for high-dose products has researchers checking long-term impacts, especially for children, pregnant individuals, and people with chronic diseases.
The next wave of innovation looks set to explore better delivery systems, from water-dispersible powders to sustained-release capsules. Personalized nutrition markets already ask for zeaxanthin-fortified foods tailored to genetic risk or digital device usage. As public concern over blue-light exposure from screens grows, food and beverage producers lock in zeaxanthin as a selling point for prevention. Developments in sustainable extraction—from vertical marigold farms to engineered yeast—promise an eco-friendlier supply, with clinical studies set to pin down health claims for the next generation of ocular support. Zeaxanthin’s status stands secure both as a tool for health maintenance and as a pigment with industrial flair, poised to take larger roles across wellness and commercial landscapes.
Zeaxanthin stands out among carotenoids for supporting eye function. Found in corn, peppers, spinach, and kale, this nutrient helps keep the macula of the eye healthy. I've noticed over years of regular research and through my own family’s age-related struggles, how vision tends to deteriorate with age. High exposure to sunlight, blue-light from screens, and genetics all play a part. Zeaxanthin, along with its close cousin lutein, forms a filter that absorbs harmful light before it can reach vulnerable parts of the retina. Extensive studies, including research published in the journal Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, show people with more zeaxanthin in their diets face lower risk of advanced macular degeneration.
Long days glued to computers and endless scrolling on phones have gone from rare to routine. My eyes get dry, tired, and blurry after just a few hours. Zeaxanthin helps create a natural defense system. Harvard Medical School reports that regular intake can lower eye strain and improve the eye’s ability to recover from glare. Keeping this nutrient up can make a difference, especially for those who work with screens or drive at night. Many friends and colleagues tell me they feel less discomfort since paying attention to this simple fix.
While most folks think of zeaxanthin only in connection with eyes, some emerging data links it to better cognitive performance in older adults. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS2) followed thousands of participants and found that not only did vision improve, but brain processing tasks were smoother for those supplementing with zeaxanthin and lutein. Scientists suggest carotenoids help by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in brain tissue.
Dermatology research has also pointed to zeaxanthin’s potential for protecting against ultraviolet light. By reducing the oxidative stress that leads to wrinkles and dark spots, zeaxanthin supports skin resilience. After seeing relatives in sun-heavy regions get fewer sunspots after adding carotenoid-rich foods, I started to treat this advice with more trust. The body can use all the help it can get fighting the daily onslaught from sun and pollution.
People who eat diets heavy in leafy greens, corn, and bright yellow vegetables may meet their needs naturally. I often see others struggle to get even a few handfuls a month, never mind daily. A supplement makes sense for folks who avoid vegetables or live in food deserts. According to the National Eye Institute, a daily dose of 2-10 mg appears beneficial, with low risk of toxicity.
Reading supplement labels can overwhelm with long ingredient lists and wild claims. I always check for third-party testing and select products that include both zeaxanthin and lutein to mimic the balance found in whole foods. Trusted brands often cite independent studies or show results from transparent lab screenings.
Supplements support, not replace a balanced meal plan. People should talk with a healthcare professional, especially those on medication or who have pre-existing eye conditions. Research continues to unfold, but real-world experience and mounting evidence support zeaxanthin as a practical tool for eye, brain, and skin health. With food access issues and fast-paced digital lifestyles, options like these can mean clearer vision and a sharper mind through every stage of life.
Zeaxanthin plays a big role in eye health. It’s a natural pigment found in foods like corn, spinach, and egg yolks. People often take it as a supplement to help filter harmful blue light and support clear vision. Some eye doctors suggest it, especially for older adults aiming to keep their vision sharp as they age. Beyond eyesight, researchers look into how it might protect against other age-related changes in the body, though its fame comes from helping the eyes.
For most people, zeaxanthin looks pretty safe. Clinical studies show healthy adults who take daily doses of 2 mg to 20 mg rarely talk about any major problems. Some folks might see mild issues like stomach upset, but these cases rarely last or cause big trouble. Allergic reactions remain very rare, especially when zeaxanthin comes from food sources. The safety record gets an extra boost because the substance naturally exists in so many healthy foods.
Doctors and nutrition experts highlight that moderation always makes sense. Doses used in most research tend to fall between 2 mg and 10 mg per day. Multivitamin products with zeaxanthin rarely go above these levels. Taking massive amounts on your own, just “to be safe,” holds little benefit and might even cause those stomach troubles. A regular, sensible supplement dose—especially as part of a healthy diet—usually avoids anything serious. Anyone with liver conditions or other chronic illnesses should talk to a clinician first, since the data on high-dose, long-term use remains thin.
Zeaxanthin, like lutein, doesn’t clash with most medicines. No clear evidence links it to major problems with common prescriptions for blood pressure, cholesterol, or diabetes. Caution always makes sense for people on meds that affect how the body absorbs fat since zeaxanthin dissolves best alongside dietary fat. A nutritionist or physician can offer advice if questions come up about complicated drug regimens.
Whole foods rich in zeaxanthin offer a good way to boost intake without worry. Corn on the cob, red peppers, and dark greens serve up valuable nutrients beyond just eye support. Supplements help fill a gap for those who can’t get enough through meals—think older adults or folks with diet restrictions—but whole foods carry less risk for overuse. Grocery budget or picky eating habits can sometimes push people toward the supplement aisle, so it matters that pills and capsules keep dose levels reasonable.
Safe use depends on staying tuned in to how your body reacts. Any new symptoms after starting a supplement—like skin rashes or digestive changes—should get attention. Eye doctors sometimes check for benefit by using vision tests in patients who take zeaxanthin. Large health agencies and consumer health guides see no cause for panic but encourage smarter label reading and sticking close to proven doses. If a supplement brand promises “double or triple strength,” read with a critical eye and avoid piling on extra capsules.
People wanting to start zeaxanthin can read supplement labels, aim for doses under 10 mg, and touch base with a healthcare provider before adding new products—especially if taking other meds. Focusing on fruits and vegetables high in zeaxanthin works for kids, adults, and older folks. Tracking any changes in eyesight and staying alert for odd symptoms supports better decisions. Smart, balanced choices matter more than chasing magic cures.
Zeaxanthin belongs to a family called carotenoids, the same group that gives corn and orange peppers their color. It gets a lot of attention for its connection to eye health. I remember my grandmother struggling with macular degeneration. Her vision faded year by year. After hearing about supplements like zeaxanthin, she asked her doctor what to try. That conversation marked the start of many dinner table chats about what these nutrients actually do.
Researchers have linked zeaxanthin to the protection of the retina, especially the macula, which supports sharp central vision. A study in the journal “Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science” shows that people with higher zeaxanthin in their diet tend to have a lowered risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). These links don’t prove zeaxanthin cures or prevents eye disease, but the evidence points toward a real benefit—especially as we age.
Most of us get some zeaxanthin already from food—corn, orange bell peppers, spinach, and eggs all carry this nutrient. The trouble is, the average person in the U.S. eats under 2 milligrams per day. Researchers looking at eye health often focus on doses between 2 to 10 milligrams daily in supplement form. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2), one of the largest trials in this field, used 2 mg of zeaxanthin paired with other eye nutrients and measured outcomes over several years.
Supplements usually pack their zeaxanthin in the same 2 mg to 10 mg range. I’ve spoken to eye doctors who recommend 2 mg as a baseline for most adults wanting to support eye health. Some opt for more, especially for people with risk factors for AMD. No major health organization, like the National Institutes of Health, sets a “recommended daily value” for zeaxanthin yet. We’re not talking about big, high-dose pills here—just a small boost above what leafy greens and corn dishes deliver.
Zeaxanthin draws its safety comfort from food: folks in countries where diets rely more on carotenoid-rich plants don’t show higher rates of existing health problems from these nutrients. Supplements, though, call for some caution. Too much of anything new could cause unexpected trouble. Studies including up to 20 mg per day for months at a time have not shown big side effects, but these shouldn’t replace conversations with your healthcare provider.
If you use a supplement or plan to, keep the total dose on the lower end—2 to 10 mg daily—unless your doctor steers you differently. Long-term safety beyond that mark has not gotten much attention in research. People who eat well—plenty of vegetables and eggs—might do fine without a pill. If your diet feels skipped or tight, a supplement could help fill the gap.
Zeaxanthin works best alongside other lifestyle choices. My own eyesight feels strongest when I take breaks from screens, wear sunglasses, and eat more colorful produce. Putting all your faith in one nutrient won’t fix a lifetime of wear and tear, but building a routine—good sleep, healthy food, regular eye exams—makes nutrients like zeaxanthin part of a bigger plan. Supporting your eyes takes more than just popping a pill. Choose foods, notice habits, and let your healthcare team weigh in before starting any new supplement.
Everybody wants to keep their vision sharp, especially as years tick by. The vitamin and supplement shelves offer a dizzying mix of pills and powders that promise to protect the eyes. Zeaxanthin keeps popping up as a key ingredient in these products, often alongside lutein. These two carotenoids are found in leafy greens, peppers, corn, and egg yolks. The interesting part comes from their natural role inside the eye, especially in the macula—the part of the retina used to see fine details, recognize faces, and read.
Doctors and researchers have focused a lot on age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss for people over 60. Macular degeneration slowly turns detailed vision into a blurry mess, making activities like reading and driving tough or impossible. So the hunt for nutrients that keep the macula healthy attracts plenty of attention.
Zeaxanthin acts as a natural filter, soaking up harmful blue light before it harms delicate retinal cells. Studies show people with higher levels of zeaxanthin and lutein in their diets tend to have a lower risk of advanced AMD. Data from large studies like the AREDS2 trial found that combining these carotenoids with other vitamins slowed the progression of moderate-to-advanced AMD. Zeaxanthin also seems to cut down on glare and improve vision in low light—a real issue for older drivers.
Some stores trumpet zeaxanthin supplements as the answer to every eye problem, but the real protection starts at the dinner table. A plate that’s loaded with spinach, kale, orange peppers, and eggs supplies natural doses of these nutrients, along with dozens of other compounds that science hasn’t fully mapped yet. My own grandfather, who enjoyed salads dressed in oil and vinegar every night, managed to keep his reading glasses handy even into his nineties. He never opened a supplement bottle unless his doctor insisted.
For those who have a family history of AMD or already show early signs, supplements might make sense, but the best results show up with a doctor supervising the process. Overdoing any nutrient, even the natural ones, can cause trouble. Plus, eating a variety of vegetables and fruits tackles other health issues at the same time, like heart disease and diabetes—two conditions that also threaten eyesight.
Many eye doctors suggest regular vision exams for everyone over fifty. If a doctor spots early changes in the macula, it’s not too late to protect vision. Good lighting at home, sunglasses during sunny days, and cutting cigarette use can also reduce risk. Keeping blood sugar and blood pressure in check protects those tiny blood vessels in the retina, something a pill just can’t handle alone.
Zeaxanthin offers real hope for long-term eye health, but it works best alongside other healthy choices. Instead of chasing after magic fixes, building habits—better foods, time outdoors, less screen time in the dark—creates a foundation for clearer sight for years ahead.
Zeaxanthin shows up in many discussions about eye health, especially among people worried about age-related macular degeneration. It’s common to see it turned into a daily supplement, alone or paired with other antioxidants like lutein. Carotenoids such as zeaxanthin play a role in filtering harmful blue light and might help slow down damage to the retina. Since I have a few family members who’ve relied on eye vitamins, I started wondering about the real risks of mixing zeaxanthin with regular medications or even other supplements.
It’s easy to believe that because zeaxanthin comes from plants and sits right next to spinach at the store, it must be harmless. I’ve seen friends treat supplements like a vegetable side dish—easy add-ons to their medication. The catch is that our bodies often process supplements and prescription drugs in the same places, usually in the liver. The reality is, even nutrients can run into problems with other substances you’re already taking.
Major studies, like those that built the AREDS2 supplement formula, haven’t reported severe interactions with zeaxanthin, but those studies focus on people without complicated medical conditions. Once you pull in medications for blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, or even blood thinners, the landscape changes.
Zeaxanthin hasn’t shown a history of dangerous cross-reactions with most prescription drugs, and it doesn’t usually enter the bloodstream at high enough levels to create havoc. On its own, it lives in the same category as daily vitamins; problems tend to arise when someone piles together too many similar supplements, such as vitamin A, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids.
One big concern: anything that affects how the body absorbs fat can tangle with zeaxanthin. Medications designed to lower cholesterol, like bile acid sequestrants, can grab fat-soluble nutrients and vitamins, making it harder for your body to use them. People taking these types of drugs might not get all the benefits from their eye supplements.
Anticoagulants like warfarin deserve a mention, too. Diets rich in leafy greens alter vitamin K levels and can influence blood thinner doses. While zeaxanthin itself doesn’t affect vitamin K, it’s often found in blends that do, and people sometimes grab a combination product without checking all the active ingredients.
The supplement industry often mixes zeaxanthin with ingredients like lutein, omega-3s, and vitamins E and C. These bundled products keep showing up near pharmacy checkout counters. While combining these ingredients generally follows evidence-based guidelines from big studies, manufacturers aren’t always compelled to report every potential interaction. Quality can vary, too. This is where a doctor or pharmacist plays a vital role—they check labels at a deeper level than most of us will.
Talk with a healthcare provider who understands what you’re already taking, especially if you have more than one prescription. Pharmacists in particular notice supplement-drug interactions that primary care doctors miss. Bring your supplement bottles with you. Keep an updated list of your medications. Avoid overloading on different forms of the same vitamin. Aim for products with a third-party quality stamp like USP or NSF to lower your risk of hidden ingredients.
I’ve sat with parents and friends in the exam room while they described “natural” supplements without realizing how crowded their medicine cabinet had become. Zeaxanthin can support vision as people age, but careless combining with other supplements or medications can undercut those benefits or create danger. Getting in the habit of asking your pharmacist to review everything—pills, herbal blends, nutrients—makes all the difference. You’re not just protecting your eyes; you’re protecting your overall health.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | (3R,3'R)-beta, beta-Carotene-3,3'-diol |
| Other names |
(3R,3′R)-Zeaxanthin β,β-Carotene-3,3′-diol All-trans-Zeaxanthin Zexanthin |
| Pronunciation | /ziːˈæzænθɪn/ |
| Preferred IUPAC name | (3R,3'R)-beta,beta-Carotene-3,3'-diol |
| Other names |
Dimethyl cryptoxanthin β,β-Carotene-3,3′-diol |
| Pronunciation | /ziː.əˈzænθɪn/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 144-68-3 |
| Beilstein Reference | 1723492 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:27544 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1239 |
| ChemSpider | 211071 |
| DrugBank | DB01863 |
| ECHA InfoCard | echa infocard 100.044.859 |
| EC Number | 1.14.13.90 |
| Gmelin Reference | 371568 |
| KEGG | C08940 |
| MeSH | D052007 |
| PubChem CID | 5280899 |
| RTECS number | ZJ6991000 |
| UNII | 7K16P9G3E8 |
| UN number | UN3077 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | DTXSID7020182 |
| CAS Number | 144-68-3 |
| Beilstein Reference | 2935332 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:27545 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1239 |
| ChemSpider | 5360830 |
| DrugBank | DB11200 |
| ECHA InfoCard | ECHA InfoCard: 100.115.243 |
| EC Number | 1.14.13.90 |
| Gmelin Reference | 17460 |
| KEGG | C08545 |
| MeSH | D04851 |
| PubChem CID | 5280899 |
| RTECS number | ZC8450000 |
| UNII | 9IKM0SAC3V |
| UN number | UN3077 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C40H56O2 |
| Molar mass | 568.872 g/mol |
| Appearance | Yellow to orange crystalline powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.191 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | Insoluble |
| log P | 2.44 |
| Acidity (pKa) | 14.47 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 12.85 |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.625 |
| Viscosity | Viscous liquid |
| Dipole moment | 2.44 D |
| Chemical formula | C40H56O2 |
| Molar mass | 568.871 g/mol |
| Appearance | Yellow to orange crystalline powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.03 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | Insoluble in water |
| log P | 2.56 |
| Vapor pressure | 1.36E-10 mmHg at 25°C |
| Acidity (pKa) | 14.32 |
| Basicity (pKb) | pKb ≈ 15.04 |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.617 |
| Viscosity | Viscous liquid |
| Dipole moment | 2.01 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 354.5 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -163 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -6863.7 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -163 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -6325 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | A16AX10 |
| ATC code | A16AX10 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | No significant hazards. |
| GHS labelling | GHS07, GHS08 |
| Pictograms | ☠️🔥🌡️🌊 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | No known hazardous properties. |
| Precautionary statements | P264, P270, P301+P312, P330, P501 |
| Flash point | 296.6°C |
| Autoignition temperature | > 570 °C |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 (mouse, oral): 10 g/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | > 10,000 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL of Zeaxanthin: Not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 10 mg per day |
| Main hazards | Not hazardous according to GHS classification. |
| GHS labelling | GHS07, GHS08 |
| Pictograms | ☠️⚠️🌡️💧 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H319: Causes serious eye irritation. |
| Precautionary statements | IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. |
| Flash point | > 216°C |
| Autoignition temperature | 410 °C |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 (rat, oral): > 5000 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose) of Zeaxanthin: "≥4,000 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| NIOSH | Not established |
| PEL (Permissible) | 0.03 mg/m3 |
| REL (Recommended) | 10 mg per day |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Not established |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Astaxanthin Beta-carotene Canthaxanthin Lutein Neoxanthin Violaxanthin |
| Related compounds |
Astaxanthin Beta-carotene Canthaxanthin Lutein Violaxanthin |
West Ujimqin Banner, Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia, China
