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Fumaric acid stands out as a versatile white crystalline solid with a mild, tart taste, often known for its presence in both the food and chemical industries. Its molecular formula, C4H4O4, signals a straightforward chemical structure, representing a dicarboxylic acid with two carboxyl groups attached to an ethylene backbone. The structure draws chemists’ attention because its trans isomer configuration impacts both physical and chemical behaviors. The pure solid melts at 287 °C and has a density around 1.635 g/cm3. Users find it in many forms—powder, flakes, small pearls, and colorless crystals. It dissolves sparingly in cold water, more readily in boiling water, and even better in alcohol and acetone. The HS Code for fumaric acid most often falls under 29171900, making identification in customs paperwork straightforward. Its solid form transports well and stores safely under dry, ventilated conditions. The careful study of these characteristics means less risk for accidental exposure and more control over its applications.
The purity of fumaric acid sold in bulk reaches 99% or above, required for food-grade or industrial use. In appearance, it can be granular, fine crystalline powder, rough flakes, or sometimes, for special applications, compact pearls. Bulk density commonly ranges from 0.7 to 0.9 g/cm3. Moisture content remains below 0.5%. Solutions in water taste sour, and dilute solutions exhibit pH values of roughly 2.0. The solid resists air oxidation but reacts with strong oxidizing agents and bases, releasing heat. As a raw material, the compound helps in polymer manufacturing and serves as a feedstock in chemical syntheses across the world. In practice, people sometimes overlook the fact that its melting point is higher than other common dicarboxylic acids, making process control in factories critical for consistent results. Packing standards often rely on moisture-proof bags or drums, with net weights adjusted to local logistical norms.
Looking closer at the molecular structure, fumaric acid shows two carboxylic acid groups bonded across a double carbon-carbon bond, setting it apart from its cis isomer, maleic acid. The trans geometry brings stability and reduced solubility, but also less reactivity compared to similar acids. Because of this, it’s a preferred acidulant in the food industry, both for stability and because it tastes less aggressive than citric or tartaric acid. With the molecular weight at 116.07 g/mol, it fits easily into stoichiometric calculations for batch or continuous chemical manufacture. Having worked in a lab with it, stirring a crystalline sample into boiling water shows why temperature influences dissolving rate—fumaric acid doesn’t just vanish instantly, and that trait shapes how solutions for beverages or cleaning agents get prepared. The structure’s resilience against hydrolysis and decomposition keeps material waste and contamination risks low. Its specific gravity and crystallinity make it easy to measure out reliably for chemical engineers concerned with precision.
Product vendors provide fumaric acid primarily in solid forms. Powder remains most common for easy mixing in food, beverages, and industrial blends. Where dust control matters, flakes or pearls reduce airborne particles. In pure crystal form, it serves pharmaceutical or laboratory applications needing high assay and traceable purity. Handling a fine powder in an industrial setting highlights differences in flowability compared to chunkier granules or pearls. For those preparing solutions, a solid dissolves under agitation and heat into water, resulting in a clear, slightly acidic liquid. This liquid solution, though less shelf-stable than the solid, provides convenience in dosing—for example, water treatment or beverage lines. Material safety and ease of measurement drive the choice among these forms. I’ve seen packaging range from small sachets for analysis labs to lined bags of 25 kilograms or steel drums for factory-scale production.
On the safety front, fumaric acid holds a reputation as less hazardous compared to other acidulants, thanks to its low volatility and mild reactivity. In concentrated forms, direct skin or eye contact may cause irritation, and inhaling dust should be avoided, following chemical safety norms. The substance is not classified as carcinogenic or acutely toxic when handled responsibly, though persistent exposure can stress respiratory or mucous membranes. It qualifies as hazardous only under specific chemical regulations due to its low acute toxicity and weak corrosiveness. Safe handling practices—using gloves, goggles, and dust masks—keep workspaces secure. Cross-checking the safety data sheet before starting work limits surprises, especially for those new to chemical processing or quality control. Disposal usually falls under general non-toxic chemical waste, unless mixed with hazardous materials, which calls for specialist disposal solutions.
Fumaric acid fulfills major roles as a raw material in resins, polymers, and paper sizing. Its function as a food additive, with European code E297, ensures acidification and preservation without aggressive flavor impact. In animal feed, its acidifying power helps reduce gut pathogens, supporting healthy livestock. Chemical industries use it for producing alkyd resins, polyester resins, and as a building block for organic synthesis. The chemical’s double carboxyl structure makes it suitable for reactions including esterification and polymerization. From personal experience preparing a polymer batch, ensuring precise addition of fumaric acid means the batch sets properly and cures as specified. In water treatment, its stable acid profile means predictable results when adjusting pH or controlling scaling. Broad industry reliance on high-purity fumaric acid ties back to strict standards in manufacturing and transport, supported by custom specifications that address contamination and moisture.
Despite widespread regard for safety, overexposure or improper storage can create real hazards. Dust formation in closed spaces can lead to respiratory problems if inhaled repeatedly, and large spills—though rarely dangerous—should be cleaned using proper protective equipment. Labeling and adherence to local chemical storage laws reduce long-term risk. A clear set of safety rules, regular training for those handling powders or crystals, and ready access to safety data sheets make the greatest difference. In case of accidental ingestion or significant skin contact, basic first aid applies: rinse thoroughly and seek medical advice. It’s important not to underestimate how routine tasks—pouring, mixing, or transferring—can kick up fine particles, meaning well-ventilated workspaces save a lot of trouble. Addressing environmental risks, storage away from waterways and prompt spill management help prevent unnecessary contamination. Responsible disposal and regular workspace cleaning round out a comprehensive approach to working safely with this chemical.
West Ujimqin Banner, Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia, China
