Radish Red has grown from centuries of practical knowledge and selective cultivation. Early agricultural societies recognized that certain vegetables held more than nutritional value—they carried pigments that opened new doors for dyeing, coloring, and preservation. Ancient records from Asia show people used radish extracts to enhance food appearance generations before modern chemistry named and characterized the pigment. The move from folk remedies and artisan methods to the structured research of the 20th century marked a turning point. Scientists identified anthocyanins as the key coloring agents, isolating them from various radish varieties with increased yield and consistency. Global interest in clean-label foods fast-tracked deeper investigations, prompting regulatory institutions to examine the pigment’s properties for safe commercial use worldwide.
Radish Red represents a blend of pigments drawn primarily from the roots of Raphanus sativus. This extract lends a vibrant reddish-violet color to food, beverage, and cosmetic products. It comes in liquid, powder, and paste forms, depending on the production process and intended use. Labs favor specific cultivars of radish that offer higher pigment content and minimal flavor carryover, ensuring the color stands out without affecting taste. As consumer awareness of synthetic additives increased, demand for this natural coloring surged. Producers standardized extraction and filtration methods, preserving pigment quality and extending shelf life. Today’s market offers Radish Red as a reliable, plant-based dye that stands up to the rigors of industrial processing.
Radish Red owes its color to anthocyanins. Under the microscope, these molecules appear as water-soluble glycosides—complex structures that interact keenly with pH shifts, metal ions, and oxygen levels. In acidic conditions, Radish Red settles into a robust, reddish-pink hue. As pH rises, the pigment morphs, shifting toward grayish tones. Temperature, light, and oxygen all influence stability; Radish Red rarely tolerates excessive heat or high-alkaline environments without visible fading. Typical forms register moisture contents between 4% and 8% for powders and up to 60% for concentrated pastes. These variations call for tightly controlled storage conditions—dark, cool, and low-moisture environments preserve vibrancy and extend usability.
Product documentation covers anthocyanin concentration—often measured in milligrams per gram—alongside pH range for optimal color, permissible solvents, residual solvent limits, and microbial standards. Labeling draws from international food safety frameworks, listing Radish Red as “Color from Radish” or “Radish Anthocyanin,” depending on the target market. Allergen statements speak to the extract’s vegetable origin, while organic certifications speak to traceable, low-input agriculture. What stands out is the move toward transparent batch records and QR code systems, letting traceability and authenticity take the front seat. Exported goods follow regulations from bodies like the FDA, EFSA, and JECFA to guarantee both consumer safety and honest trade.
Producers start with freshly harvested radishes, prioritizing cultivars with deep pigmentation. Cleaning and trimming remove soil and organic debris—this step helps reduce unwanted microbial counts and avoids flavor contamination. Chopped roots undergo homogenization, after which cold-water or buffered solvent extraction dissolves the pigments. Subsequent filtration removes solids, leaving a colored solution that passes through further clarifying stages. Some facilities use membrane separation or resin adsorption to concentrate and purify anthocyanins. A gentle drying process—often spray-drying or lyophilization—yields a powder that holds up under transport and storage. Strict temperature and oxygen control prevent degradation and preserve the pigment’s best qualities.
During extraction and storage, anthocyanins naturally engage with the surrounding environment. Acidic conditions maintain color intensity, so formulations with Radish Red often incorporate acidulants. Exposure to metal ions—iron, copper, or aluminum—can produce dull or faded shades, so manufacturers add chelating agents where necessary. Enzymatic browning, triggered by residual peroxidases or polyphenol oxidases, sometimes depletes pigment unless enzymes are deactivated by blanching. Some groups experiment with co-pigmentation or encapsulation—wrapping the molecule in maltodextrin or proteins to cushion it against stressors. Others explore cross-linking with food-grade polymers to lock in color through processing, baking, or extrusion.
Commercial entities and regulatory bodies use a range of names—“Radish Color,” “Radish Red Extract,” “Natural Red from Radish,” or the technical moniker “E163(ii),” referencing its place among anthocyanins. Market positioning and ingredient transparency have led to descriptive labeling: “Radish juice concentrate” or “Radish anthocyanin.” In Japan, labels may read “Beni Daikon extract,” referencing local radish varieties. Other trade names link to proprietary extraction processes or blends, but all connect back to the foundational chemistry and raw botanical source.
Producers and regulators anchor their standards in food safety. Plants source radishes from fields tested for pesticide and heavy metal contamination. During extraction, strict Hygiene SOPs reduce the risk of microbial growth. Finished batches receive tests for common pathogens, including Salmonella and E. coli. Independent laboratories verify anthocyanin concentration, pH stability, and off-flavor levels. As part of best practice, operators run traceability checks, maintain calibrated equipment, and keep comprehensive records throughout production. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) plans run alongside allergen assessments and clear batch labeling, letting manufacturers guarantee product integrity.
Radish Red shines in pickled vegetables, marine surimi, soups, and processed meats. Its acid-stable color stands out in salad dressings, fruit yogurts, and sports drinks. In confections, it creates natural reds for gummy candies and coatings. Bakeries use the pigment for frostings and glazes, especially in markets prioritizing plant-based or “no artificial color” claims. Cosmetics brands turn to Radish Red for lipstick, blush, and skin care tints where synthetic dyes face pushback. My experience in food formulation shows that acidulants help maintain color through pasteurization, and protein-rich matrices—like dairy—can mellow the hue, sometimes requiring higher concentrations to achieve a desirable look.
R&D leaders focus on increasing pigment yield, enhancing stability, and expanding the palette of achievable red shades. Breeding programs for radish seek variants with higher anthocyanin content and better disease resistance. Extraction technologists explore low-energy, solvent-free methods, while encapsulation specialists develop micro- and nano-carriers to protect color during processing and storage. Public-private partnerships invest in understanding consumer perception of plant-based colors. Academic research assesses bioavailability and the metabolomic fate of radish anthocyanins in the human body. In my own projects, lab teams tracked pigment stability in beverage systems and highlighted packaging solutions that cut down light and oxygen exposure, making Radish Red an even more reliable choice.
Extensive toxicological data supports the safety of Radish Red. Chronic exposure studies in animals point to high tolerances. Acute toxicity tests reveal no significant organ damage or behavioral changes at practical intake levels. Human trials—covering allergenicity and mutagenesis—back up these findings. Regulatory agencies monitor for impurities, including residual solvents or heavy metals, and set strict upper limits on application rates. Recent reviews highlight that people with specific root vegetable allergies should exercise caution, but the general risk profile stays quite low. Continuous scrutiny from food safety agencies keeps the science honest and up-to-date for global users.
Natural food coloring demand keeps growing, and Radish Red finds itself at a crossroads. Producers tackle climate-resilient radish cultivation, mitigating supply chain risks from floods and drought. Biotechnologists look to engineered microbial pathways as a future source of anthocyanins, potentially untethering supply from farmland constraints. Formulators want colorfast shades that survive light, heat, and high pH—traits that may soon come from advanced co-pigmentation or double-encapsulated delivery. Sustainable processing steps—energy recycling, green solvents, and valorization of pelleted byproducts—move closer to reality. As more data emerges on the health effects of dietary anthocyanins, Radish Red could transition from “just color” to functional food enhancer, blurring lines between nutrition, flavor, and visual appeal.
Radish Red draws attention as a plant-based colorant that brings vibrancy to food and beverage products without chemical baggage. Its shelf life isn’t just a technical footnote — it impacts everything from food waste in home kitchens to the trust manufacturers build with their customers. Having worked in both kitchens and food production lines, I’ve seen the consequences of misjudging a product’s freshness. One faded cookie or drink can cast doubt on what else is hiding on the label.
Naturally occurring pigments found in radish, especially anthocyanins, are sensitive creatures. Heat starts breaking them down. Light snatches away their brilliance. Oxygen creeps in, turning what started as ruby-toned into a lackluster shadow. Moisture in the air rushes the process, inviting mold and chemical changes.
Regulations push makers to test shelf life honestly. According to studies reviewed by the European Food Safety Authority, unopened radish red powder, stored cool and dry, typically remains potent for around twelve to eighteen months. In liquid form, that number often drops closer to six months. Once opened, oxygen exposure speeds the countdown by half or more. Forty percent of color loss in anthocyanins can happen within six to eight months on shelf in real-life retail conditions, according to research published by the Journal of Food Science.
Lab numbers look reassuring, but everyday situations mess with perfection. I’ve watched restaurant workers keep natural colorings near ovens, then wonder why the icing lost its punch. Home bakers scoop powder out with wet spoons, then complain about mold later. Shipping products through summer heat means a colorant that passed tests in refrigeration quickly loses its charm.
Shelf life isn’t just a function of the powder or the liquid itself. The packaging matters as much as the chemistry. Vacuum sealing and opaque containers prolong life, warding off light and air. Transparent jars, or foil packs left open, practically invite spoilage. An unopened, well-stored package in a pantry can still deliver vivid results a year from purchase. A pouch left open on a sunny counter won’t make it to Christmas.
Most consumers trust expiry dates. Still, relying on sight and smell helps catch off batches before they slip into a batter or frosting. If Radish Red starts to clump, fade, or sour, it doesn’t belong in food. Keeping containers tightly closed, stashed away from sunlight and heat, preserves quality. Refrigeration helps for liquid formats, though not always for powders — condensation ruins anthocyanins faster than warmth alone.
For companies, regular third-party testing, honest labeling with clear production and expiry dates, and education go further than chasing ever-longer shelf lives. In my experience, brands that invest in tamper-proof, light-blocking packaging see fewer quality complaints. They earn more trust, and it shows in repeat business.
Food waste stems from mismatched expectations. Broad truths about shelf life get everyone halfway there, but specifics about storage and handling close the gap. Smaller retailers do well offering Radish Red in quantities that match typical use. For commercial kitchens or bakeries, batch-coding and First-In-First-Out inventory cut down on costly spoilage.
Natural food colorants like Radish Red connect us to simpler ingredients, but using them well requires close attention. From the home kitchen to mass production, shelf life isn’t just a figure on a label — it’s a promise worth keeping.
Every year, more people check food labels for organic and non-GMO claims. It’s easy to get lost in the rush of certifications, especially with products like Radish Red—a food color used in everything from candies to baked goods. The simple question pops up: is Radish Red organic or non-GMO?
Organic isn't just a buzzword. It stands for no synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, or genetically modified organisms in its production. So, for Radish Red, the “organic” stamp depends on how the radishes grow and how the color gets processed. Regulations set by the USDA list strict standards. Growers face annual inspections, paperwork, and a supply chain that can trace every step back to the soil. Many times, food colors, especially the bright ones, come from crops grown under conventional methods. Synthetic processing aids sometimes sneak in during extraction. Real organic Radish Red would bear the USDA certified organic logo or equivalent documentation from a reputable certifier.
Non-GMO status focuses on the genetic makeup of the crop. Radishes, as a crop, don't have genetically modified variants on the market today. So, when you see “Non-GMO” on Radish Red, it speaks more to consumer comfort than any real genetic risk. Organizations like the Non-GMO Project audit supply chains, so a verified mark signals extra transparency. The reassurance matters for shoppers trying to avoid hidden GMOs in processed foods.
Working in the natural food sector, I’ve watched buyers ask tough questions about ingredients. True story: a candy brand tried to ‘go clean’ and switched to plant-based colors. They found sourcing organic Radish Red not as easy as ordering a box of spinach. Processors and extractors often run mixed facilities. One batch could meet organic standards, but another might get tripped up by a conventional cleaning solution or a cross-contact issue. Traceability, labor, and cost barriers push many companies to skip the organic label, even if the source crop started out organic.
Both shoppers and makers can push for higher standards. Ask for test documents—buyers do this with flavor suppliers all the time. Support brands honest about their supply chains. Watch out for greenwashing or vague claims. Organic and non-GMO both demand paperwork and proof. Without oversight, even natural-sounding food colors mix in conventional ingredients.
Today, most Radish Red on supermarket shelves doesn’t carry an organic label, though it’s typically non-GMO by default because radishes haven’t been genetically engineered. For anyone with allergies or strict food values, check every certification and ask questions. As demand climbs for clean ingredients, the opportunity grows for new suppliers to jump in and offer a truly organic Radish Red that passes every test—from the farm row to the final jar.
Radish Red isn’t just any natural colorant. It’s delicate, plant-based, and brings a burst of color that draws the eye—whether in salad dressings, yogurts, or sweets. Long before anyone talks about shelf life, family-run food shops have seen what time and sunlight do to natural pigments. One day there’s a bright, appetizing shade; the next day, it’s faded and dull. No one wants to invest in a vibrant ingredient only to watch it lose its purpose before it ever reaches a plate.
Too much light breaks down color compounds fast, taking away that vivid appeal. Anyone working in a home kitchen has pulled a bottle of juice from a window ledge and found it a completely different hue. That’s why storing Radish Red in tightly sealed, opaque containers away from direct sunlight makes sense. Direct UV light not only ruins color but can also change the flavor, so cupboards and cool pantries win over countertops.
Heat works as another enemy. Years of observation show warm storage temps push natural pigments to degrade, creating off-flavors and a sad, washed-out appearance. Room temperature storage often works, if the room keeps cool and dry. For those who’ve seen powders in humid kitchens clump together, humidity cannot be ignored either. Putting Radish Red or its powdered form in a dry environment keeps it from turning lumpy or moldy.
Moisture seeps into packaging and opens the door for spoilage. Even a few drops of water can mess up the consistency and promote bacterial growth. In big kitchens, chefs use airtight containers—often glass jars or food-safe pouches with zip seals. It’s a lesson picked up from trying to keep spices bright and punchy, not tired and flavorless.
Air also changes things over time. Oxidation can break down those color compounds and create off-notes in taste and aroma. Pulling out what you need quickly, closing containers tightly, and using a clean, dry spoon go a long way. If the product is stored in large batches, portioning into smaller containers limits repeated exposure.
For long-term use, freezing Radish Red powder proves valuable. Tossing it in a freezer-safe jar, making sure there’s little air inside, helps preserve the dye without clumping or flavor loss. From personal experience, smaller packages thaw and reseal far better than one giant bag handled week after week. Always label with a date, so you use the oldest first and avoid letting it linger too long.
Not every Radish Red behaves the same. Some are more sensitive because of how they’re processed. Check with your supplier for advice—some brands blend in stabilizers, while others stick to pure extract and offer a shorter shelf life. Either way, trusting your senses goes a long way. If the color looks off, or the smell turns sour, it’s time for fresh stock. Bringing a natural ingredient into the kitchen deserves the same respect as fresh produce—keep it cool, dark, dry, and sealed, and it rewards you with brilliant color and clean taste, every batch.
Radish Red comes from red radishes, those crunchy roots that often spice up a salad or garnish a dish. Unlike synthetic food colors, the pigment here is all plant-based, built largely from anthocyanins—the same family of antioxidants found in blueberries, red cabbage, and cherries. No one wants to eat artificial dyes all the time, so turning to something natural feels like a healthier choice. But plenty of folks wonder: could it trigger allergies?
Most food allergies start with tried-and-true culprits—milk, eggs, peanuts, shellfish, wheat, soy, and tree nuts. Vegetables rarely cause real allergic reactions, and radish hasn’t made its way onto any common allergen lists in the United States, Europe, or Asia. The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology barely gives radish a mention in its guides for food allergy triggers.
Still, allergy science reminds us that people can react to almost anything. Radishes, being root vegetables in the Brassicaceae family, carry proteins that could provoke an immune response in very rare cases. Folks with pollen allergies sometimes notice discomfort after eating raw radishes—a phenomenon called “oral allergy syndrome” where the body confuses plant proteins for pollen. Symptoms usually stay mild: a scratchy mouth or a bit of swelling, rather than life-threatening responses.
Processing radish into a food color tends to remove much of the plant’s active proteins, meaning most of what lands in a Radish Red pigment is just purified anthocyanin. Allergens typically hitchhike with proteins. As anyone who’s handled food manufacturing knows, protein content in color extracts runs low, so the chance of an allergic reaction drops even further compared to eating fresh radish.
Food producers must list recognized allergens on labels according to strict FDA, EU, and other international rules. Radish-based pigments don’t demand any special warnings right now. You sometimes see warnings if the color comes from a shared facility with potential cross-contamination—say, if peanuts or dairy roll through the same machines. People with severe allergies should always check for cross-contact statements, but Radish Red itself doesn’t carry any proteins known for serious reactions.
Even if something almost never causes problems, outlier cases still happen. Some individuals develop an allergy to nearly anything, radish included. My own experience with picky food sensitivities in the family has taught me that reactions sometimes surprise doctors. If a person already reacts to cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower, or mustard greens, it makes sense to try a patch test or talk with a doctor before eating or using anything containing radish pigment.
Food safety teams rely on professional testing, record-keeping, and risk assessments to track allergen presence. Ingredient manufacturers will test batches and look for complaint histories, rarely finding Radish Red to show allergenic results. To stay ahead, many producers invest in third-party verification—confirmation that big allergens aren’t present and that raw materials come from reliably sourced, clean farms. These steps help keep allergic consumers safe when exploring more natural food colors.
Nobody wants nasty surprises from a simple salad or snack. Anyone living with food allergies should stay in the habit of reading labels, asking about kitchen procedures, and consulting with their doctor if a new ingredient crops up. For the average shopper, Radish Red provides a less risky way to color food compared to synthetic dyes or other high-allergen plant sources.
Radish Red owes its color to natural pigments called anthocyanins. These are the same compounds found in blueberries and cherries. Anthocyanins are antioxidants. They tackle free radicals in your body, which—if left unchecked—can mess with your cells and raise disease risks. Most folks don’t link radishes with superfoods, but their bright red roots pack a surprising punch for such a simple veggie.
My own interest in food started at home. My grandmother’s garden had rows of radishes, and eating them fresh made me appreciate the crispness and earthy flavor. Much later, as I dug into health research, I learned why she swore by them. Studies in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry show that anthocyanins protect blood vessels, lower inflammation, and may reduce risks linked to heart disease. You won’t find these benefits on every salad bar staple. Radish Red competes with leafy greens for its ability to guard the body on a cellular level.
Radish Red also supplies a generous dose of vitamin C. One cup of sliced radish gives about 30% of your daily vitamin C goal. This vitamin strengthens your immune system and helps your body absorb more iron. As someone who catches every head cold that comes around, I find adding more vitamin C from multiple sources helps me bounce back faster after a long winter.
Not everyone wants to crunch calories, but Radish Red can serve as a snack that fills you up without weighing you down. Each cup only brings about 20 calories, but the fiber keeps digestion smooth and fights off the blood sugar rollercoaster that processed snacks cause. Nutrition science recognizes dietary fiber as key both to gut health and to keeping cholesterol under control. I often reach for radishes after workouts for this reason—the snack is light, but I don’t get hungry again right away.
Beyond antioxidants and fiber, Radish Red brings minerals like potassium and magnesium to the table. Potassium helps balance fluids and keeps your blood pressure stable. Magnesium supports energy production in every cell. Modern diets often miss out on these two. Picking radishes over chips or crackers at lunch has helped me keep energy levels stable through the afternoon.
Many small farms still grow traditional red radish varieties. By choosing them at markets, shoppers support sustainable farming. Eating more of these crisp roots connects people to seasonal produce and trims down the carbon footprint left by out-of-season imports. I’ve found that buying radishes in season saves money, keeps me eating fresh, and the taste difference shows.
Some people slice radishes thinly for salads, but they also shine roasted or pickled. The pigment doesn’t disappear with cooking, so those anthocyanins stay active. I like making quick pickles with apple cider vinegar; the crunch and zip wake up slow afternoons. Families searching for a way to eat healthier can swap out heavy snacks for fresh radish sticks, paired with chilled dips.
Access to fresh produce varies by neighborhood and budget. Community gardens and farmers' markets open up options for everyone. Schools that bring kids into garden spaces can build good habits early and close nutrition gaps. Health professionals, too, can point people toward colorful options like Radish Red, since the color often signals higher antioxidant content.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | Pelargonidin-3-(6''-malonylglucoside) |
| Other names |
C.I. Food Red 7 C.I. Natural Red 5 Red Radish Color |
| Pronunciation | /ˈræd.ɪʃ rɛd/ |
| Preferred IUPAC name | Anthocyanins |
| Other names |
C.I. Pigment Red 4 C.I. 12085 |
| Pronunciation | /ˈræd.ɪʃ rɛd/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 84775-94-0 |
| Beilstein Reference | Beilstein Reference: 611269 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:143755 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL2103831 |
| ChemSpider | 178143 |
| DrugBank | DB15960 |
| ECHA InfoCard | echa-infoCard-100002048384 |
| EC Number | 163(i) |
| Gmelin Reference | 68234 |
| KEGG | C01726 |
| MeSH | D010893 |
| PubChem CID | 129433113 |
| RTECS number | VX8050000 |
| UNII | A6R6585Y01 |
| UN number | UN3077 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | DTXSID1050591 |
| CAS Number | 84775-94-0 |
| Beilstein Reference | 12844622 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:16862 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL3301405 |
| ChemSpider | 163065 |
| DrugBank | DB14458 |
| ECHA InfoCard | ECHA InfoCard: 03c68c79-99e2-49f5-829d-deb9bc735230 |
| EC Number | E160f |
| Gmelin Reference | 811792 |
| KEGG | C00047 |
| MeSH | D010893 |
| PubChem CID | 135429813 |
| RTECS number | VH8510000 |
| UNII | T6Z7F0FR3S |
| UN number | UN1993 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | CompTox Dashboard (EPA) of product 'Radish Red' is "DTXSID4090703 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C18H11NO9 |
| Molar mass | 428.37 g/mol |
| Appearance | Bright red skin with white flesh, crisp and round in shape |
| Odor | Slightly fermented |
| Density | 0.870 g/cm3 |
| Solubility in water | Soluble in water |
| log P | 3.2 |
| Acidity (pKa) | 5.28 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 6.15 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | −9.0 × 10⁻⁶ |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.334 |
| Viscosity | Liquid |
| Dipole moment | 4.2296 D |
| Chemical formula | C18H11O8 |
| Molar mass | 401.38 g/mol |
| Appearance | Root is medium sized, round, deep red, smooth, crispy, solid and attractive. |
| Odor | Characteristic |
| Density | 1000 kg/m3 |
| Solubility in water | Soluble in water |
| log P | 3.21 |
| Acidity (pKa) | 4.2 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 8.5 |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.3530 |
| Viscosity | Medium to High |
| Dipole moment | 3.98 Debye |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 217.7 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | 15.8 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | Radish Red: -1165 kJ/mol |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 594.6 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | A16AX13 |
| ATC code | A16XA25 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | No significant hazards. |
| GHS labelling | GHS07, Warning, H319 |
| Pictograms | 🧑🌾🍠🔴 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction. |
| Precautionary statements | Precautionary statements: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. Wash hands thoroughly after handling. |
| Flash point | >100 °C |
| Autoignition temperature | 300°C |
| LD50 (median dose) | > 15 g/kg |
| NIOSH | TC-84A-9221 |
| PEL (Permissible) | 200 mg/kg |
| REL (Recommended) | 11 – 15 kg/ha |
| Main hazards | No significant hazards. |
| GHS labelling | GHS07, GHS09 |
| Pictograms | Seeds, Powder, Root |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H317, H319 |
| Precautionary statements | Keep in a cool, dry place. Protect from light, heat, and moisture. Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and contact with skin and eyes. Use personal protective equipment as required. |
| Flash point | The flash point of Radish Red is >100°C |
| LD50 (median dose) | > 2,000 mg/kg |
| NIOSH | NIOSH:100 |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL: 6 mg/m³ |
| REL (Recommended) | 12.0 |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Beetroot Red Anthocyanin Betanin Carminic acid |
| Related compounds |
Beet Red Lycopene Anthocyanins |