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Mequindox traces its roots to a period of agricultural expansion, when the demand for effective antimicrobials led Chinese scientists to research new quinoxaline derivatives. The chemical entered commercial production in the early 1980s, right as policies started to push for local innovation in animal health. Livestock farmers needed something strong against bacterial infections; the quinoxaline class, already represented by carbadox and olaquindox, got a fresh addition with mequindox. For decades, China stood as the main producer, guided by a special interest in food animal efficiency. This background shaped not only how the product found its way into farm routines, but also how it got regulated worldwide. Stringent rules in Europe and the United States influenced how the research around mequindox’s safety unfolded, while countries with large pork and poultry industries kept looking for solutions to balance growth and safety.
Mequindox came onto the market as a feed additive for pigs and poultry, sold for its abilities against a wide range of pathogens. The product typically appears as a fine yellow powder, packed securely to avoid moisture and light. As a member of the quinoxaline-di-N-oxide family, its design used chemical scaffolding aimed at both bacterial inhibition and improved weight gain in animals. Veterinarians and animal nutritionists quickly noticed its reliability against dysentery, colibacillosis, and certain Salmonella strains, making it a staple in many mid-scale livestock farming operations across Asia.
Mequindox’s identity comes from its chemical formula: C10H8N4O3. Its molecular structure includes a quinoxaline backbone, with 3-methyl and 2-quinoxalinecarboxylamide side groups, and two N-oxide moieties. The powder’s yellow color helps identify it among visually similar compounds. It is practically insoluble in water but dissolves in organic solvents like ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide. This trait impacts how formulators create premixes. The melting point typically sits around 230–232°C. The relatively low volatility lets it remain stable under standard storage.
Quality standards for mequindox focus on purity, particle size, and absence of foreign residues. Good manufacturing practices specify a purity above 98%, with labeling that must state the chemical name, batch number, manufacturing date, expiration date, and recommended usage. Regulatory agencies ask for clear instructions on storage—cool, dry, and away from sunlight—and for hazard warnings linked to animal and human exposure. Specifications provide minimum assay values and impurity profiles so both buyers and regulators know what’s in the product. Using substandard material could trigger unexpected residues in animal products.
The standard industrial process starts from quinoxaline as the building block, which undergoes nitration to introduce the crucial N-oxide groups. After controlled reduction reactions, the addition of methyl and carboxylamide groups shapes mequindox’s unique pharmacophore. Several chemical suppliers developed patent-protected tweaks to optimize yield, purity, and cost, using specific catalysts and filtration steps. The full procedure requires strict environmental controls. Even minor deviations lead to significant batch-to-batch variation, so experienced technicians monitor every stage, relying on chromatography and mass spectrometry for verification. Waste treatment and emissions control have become bigger priorities in recent years.
Mequindox’s structure stands out for its dual N-oxide groups, which drive antimicrobial activity. They also introduce some challenges for toxicity, as their reduction inside animal tissues generates reactive oxygen species and potentially genotoxic intermediates. Efforts to reduce these side effects led researchers to test hydrogenation, ring modifications, and new side-chain additions, all aimed at reducing toxicity while keeping antibacterial power. Laboratory work in the 2000s explored removal of one N-oxide to produce less toxic analogues, though results varied on efficacy and commercial viability. Such chemical tweaking remains the focus as researchers look to keep beneficial properties and sidestep regulatory hurdles.
In different contexts, mequindox appears under synonyms like 3-methyl-2-quinoxalinecarboxamide 1,4-dioxide or as brand names tailored to regional users. These labeling variations can cause confusion in the supply chain or with regulators checking for illegal drug residues in food. In academic circles, systematic names prevail, while animal health directories typically reference the most common commercial registration. Recordkeeping relies on a few key identifiers, namely the molecular structure and CAS number.
Worker safety during production demands personal protective equipment to avoid inhalation or skin absorption. Mequindox’s powder form means handling inside closed systems and with local exhaust ventilation. Many countries ban its use in food animals, placing legal compliance and residue monitoring high on the list for any firm handling this chemical. On the farm, veterinarians issue clear guidelines—withdrawal periods before slaughter, recordkeeping of dosing levels, and routine checks for adverse effects in treated livestock. Environmental safety also matters. Manufacturing plants established waste containment and secondary treatment for process water to keep ecological release to a minimum.
Farmers and commercial feed companies adopted mequindox for pigs and chickens, using it to manage enteric infections and support faster weight gain. The antibiotic’s reach extended mostly across Asia, particularly in regions with limited access to alternative therapeutics. Feed premix manufacturers integrate the compound into compound feeds, targeting the early growth stages in animals. Most countries with modern food safety laws placed strict limits on its residue levels in meat, and the European Union imposed a complete ban over health concerns, but mequindox persists in some markets due to ongoing pressure for cheap and effective livestock solutions.
The scientific community devoted years to understanding mequindox’s mechanism of action, metabolism, and potential for inducing resistance. Modern R&D teams, often cross-disciplinary, run safety profiling both in vivo and in vitro, looking for new derivatives that limit side effects. Academic partnerships, particularly in pharmacology labs, use high-throughput screening to identify modifications with less toxicity but strong bacterial suppression. Technology advances in residue detection keep pushing analytical methods, with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry networks now able to detect picogram-level traces in food matrices.
Mequindox has drawn serious scrutiny for its potential to cause genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity. Chronic exposure studies in rodents pointed out the risks—liver and kidney lesions, DNA damage, and even changes in animal fertility. Metabolites generated after ingestion can persist in edible tissues, raising public health alarms. National food safety agencies responded by funding biomonitoring projects, searching for mequindox residues across meat and environmental samples. The results convinced several markets to consider alternatives, especially as consumer advocacy groups demanded cleaner animal products.
Ongoing debates about food safety, antibiotic resistance, and animal health shape what comes next for mequindox. With limits tightening in international commerce, the search is on for safer analogues or different antimicrobial strategies. Synthetic biology and rational drug design might one day deliver a quinoxaline derivative with fewer risks and reliable effectiveness. At the same time, improvements in feed formulations—probiotics, prebiotics, or herbal antimicrobials—look set to reduce reliance on traditional chemicals. Sustained research investment, strict regulatory follow-up, and closer links between policymakers and scientists will guide whether mequindox finds a place in the next generation of animal health products or fades into the background as a lesson in the balance between growth and safety.
In the scramble to keep up with the global appetite for cheap meat, the livestock industry has pulled a lot of tricks out of its sleeve. One name that pops up in the lesser-known playbook is Mequindox. This chemical floats under the radar for most shoppers, but its impact starts long before your food reaches the plate.
Farmers and feed producers use Mequindox as an antibacterial additive. Its main job targets bacteria in the guts of pigs, chickens, and sometimes even fish. Instead of fighting outbreaks the hard way—better hygiene or improved living conditions—producers drop Mequindox into the mix. Pigs and chickens grow faster when they aren't battling infections, and to some, that's money saved.
China has been a hotspot for Mequindox use. The substance has floated through factory doors since the early 1980s. In places chasing high production rates, the conversation rarely drifts beyond speed and cost. The aim is more meat on a tight schedule.
Antibiotics in animal feed aren't new. I saw the concern grow louder during my own years covering agriculture. Stories came up about drugs fueling antibiotic resistance, leaving families fighting bugs that no longer fear standard medicine. Mequindox brings a different set of worries. Studies from Chinese labs and international food safety agencies found traces of toxic breakdown products in animal meat, liver, and kidneys.
Long-term exposure isn't just a numbers game. Some of these breakdown products trigger mutations and cause cancer in lab animals. Evidence raised enough alarms for the European Union and several other regions to put Mequindox on their ‘no-fly list’. Years ago, I met a cancer researcher in Beijing who didn't mince words: “Substances like Mequindox can change the game for food safety. The science is clear—even at low levels, the risk adds up over time.”
Antimicrobials never just stay put. They run off into the soil or water and sometimes even leach into groundwater. Farmers downriver from large pig operations see this firsthand. The water quality tanks, and everyone downstream has to deal with the fallout—including families and small fish farms. I took a trip to one such farm last year. "You can't see the molecules," one local told me, "but you see what happens to your fish and the river beds."
All this should make us ask why we put so much weight on fast growth over clean food. The lure of cheap protein doesn’t have to mean risking cancer or polluted rivers. More regions are digging into alternatives—raising animals with better ventilation and spacing, using probiotics, rotating crops, and auditing feed regularly. These steps may look slow, but they build real trust in food safety.
Consumers aren’t powerless. Asking where meat comes from makes a difference. Pressure from markets—from regular people like you and me—can nudge both farmers and regulators away from shortcuts like Mequindox. My own family started seeking out producers with transparent records and we’ve noticed a real difference in quality and peace of mind.
Every bit matters when it comes to what’s in our food, our rivers, and our bodies. The small decisions add up.
Mequindox has turned up in discussions about livestock feed additives. People hope for healthier, faster-growing animals and better output on farms. I grew up near plenty of livestock producers, many of whom looked for ways to keep flocks and herds healthy in crowded barns. In many places, keeping bacteria at bay means using antibiotics or similar compounds in feed. Mequindox falls in that category. It’s been used in swine and poultry to control intestinal infections and improve growth.
Proponents argue it fights bacterial illnesses well, gets rid of certain parasites, and reduces sickness. They point to reports of fewer losses and better weight gains in intensive systems. On paper, that sounds promising: more pounds of meat, fewer sick animals, lower costs. Farmers face economic pressure daily, and healthier livestock sounds like a win for both producers and those eating the food.
Stories from the research side paint a different picture. For about twenty years, studies have raised alarms about potential health risks. Mequindox belongs to the quinoxaline-di-N-oxide group—a class found to create some pretty concerning byproducts in the body. These can build up in tissues and, if animals are processed for food, might find their way onto people’s plates.
Scientists in China, where mequindox found its biggest fans, reported it could cause liver and kidney damage. Experiments on rats and mice have shown DNA damage, reproductive problems, and even links to cancer, especially if animals eat feed laced with the drug over long stretches. Some findings go further and suggest that even low doses over a long period can build up in the organs of animals—and possibly humans. No one wants unexpected drug residues in their breakfast eggs or pork chop.
Regulators in Europe and the United States have not approved mequindox for use, and both regions list it as a banned compound. They determined the evidence for potential harm outweighs any benefits in animal productivity. In Asia, rules differ between countries, which creates confusion. Some governments set a waiting period before slaughter and maximum residue limits, but enforcing these rules takes serious commitment and reliable testing.
Routine checks in China and nearby markets show residue violations more often than we'd like. This isn’t only a farm problem—it’s a trust issue for anyone who buys food. Consumers care about how food arrives on the shelf, expecting it to be safe for their families.
Modern livestock farming should focus on lasting health, not quick chemical fixes. Many producers have shifted to alternatives like improved management, vaccination, and probiotics. Research supports better sanitation and less crowded housing to prevent disease, rather than relying on feed additives with possible hidden costs. Developed countries encourage less antibiotic and drug use in food animals, promoting animal welfare and protecting public health.
No magic solution replaces common sense. Transparency, regular testing, and strict standards are key to safer food. Trust grows when every link in the food chain—from farmer to regulator—cares about both animal health and consumer well-being. Food safety is a shared job. I believe that means new ideas, honest conversations, and open science can move us toward a world where farmers, animals, and eaters all come out ahead.
Mequindox shows up mostly in agriculture. Farms across several countries use it as a growth promoter and to fight bacteria in animals, especially pigs and poultry. Producers reach for Mequindox when they want to push for fast-growing livestock or keep disease pressure down. Yet the promise of healthier animals carries its own set of concerns, especially for anyone who cares about food safety, health, and the long-term impact on the environment.
Concerns around Mequindox keep growing because scientific studies uncover more possible toxic effects each year. Research from China, where Mequindox use is most documented, has highlighted several troubling side effects. Tests on lab animals point towards damage to the liver and kidneys, the very organs that filter and process chemicals out of the body. In some studies, animals exposed to Mequindox for extended periods showed higher rates of liver cell death and swelling, along with kidney problems. Tissue samples sometimes showed scarring or inflammation, signaling ongoing injury.
Blood tests from these experiments revealed anemia and weakened immune response. Drop in white blood cell counts leaves animals less prepared to fight off infections. A damaged immune system means less resistance to disease for livestock and possibly more reliance on antibiotics, only fueling the larger crisis of antibiotic resistance.
For humans, the biggest worry ties to long-term exposure and possible residues in food. Mequindox can leave traces in meat, eggs, or milk if administered in large or repeated doses. This exposes people to a chemical never intended for human bodies. Some rodent studies raise red flags about carcinogenic risks. Scientists reported DNA mutations in experimental animals. Altered genes can kick off tumors or other health problems down the line. There’s also solid evidence that Mequindox toxins may cross the placenta and harm developing embryos. Birth defects and developmental delays in animal studies ring alarm bells for anyone concerned about food chain safety.
Waste from treated animals washes into soil and water systems. Mequindox lingers in the environment, affecting bacteria and plants not intended as targets. Runoff into rivers and ponds can disrupt natural microbial communities. Since one of the biggest fears today’s farmers face is the rise of antibiotic resistance, the environmental spread only puts more pressure on public health systems everywhere.
Awareness opens the door for safer choices. Instead of relying on chemicals, many farms experiment with better animal husbandry—higher hygiene standards, more space per animal, careful disease monitoring. Governments place tighter rules around drug withdrawal times and run residue testing before products reach stores. Some countries already banned Mequindox or put strict limits on its use, leaning into scientific findings and consumer demand for transparency.
Clear labeling and frequent residue checks keep consumers protected. Farmers who invest in animal health, rather than quick chemical fixes, often see healthier herds and lower costs in the long run. Open conversation between scientists, regulators, and the public helps keep harmful chemicals off the dinner table and out of the water supply.
Mequindox, a synthetic quinoxaline dioxide compound, often finds itself in discussions about poultry and swine health across agricultural communities, especially in parts of Asia. Farmers and veterinarians want to boost animal growth and push back against bacterial infections. That makes finding a practical, safe dosage more than just a technical requirement; it's about protecting both animals and the folks who eat meat, eggs, or milk from these animals.
Practical experience and feed manufacturer's guidelines suggest a working range. Swine and poultry feeds usually get supplemented at about 5-50 mg of Mequindox per kilogram of finished feed, most commonly falling in the 20-50 mg/kg bracket for growth promotion. For disease prevention or treatment, higher concentrations sometimes show up, often guided by a licensed veterinarian.
China remains one of the main regions where Mequindox pops up in veterinary practice, and published national standards there put the maximum at 50 mg/kg in complete feed for pigs and 20-30 mg/kg for poultry. Outside China, regulatory hurdles and health worries have pushed this drug out of many supply chains. The European Union, for example, has banned it outright due to risks of residues and carcinogenicity. These bans matter; residue levels can reach food that ends up on dinner tables, affecting people who have no say in the original drug use.
Using antibacterials or growth promoters without solid oversight can get messy. Mequindox has been tied to liver toxicity, reproductive harms, and possible carcinogenic risks—outcomes that can threaten both animal health and consumer safety. Studies in animals have pointed to long-term effects that stick around, including residue buildup in edible tissues. Regulators call for withdrawal times before slaughter, often of 28 days or more, but enforcement sometimes falls short, especially in small or fragmented operations.
No one who works in veterinary medicine can ignore the issue of antibiotic resistance. Heavy or inconvenient use of antibiotics—and drugs like Mequindox that can behave similarly—sets up ideal conditions for bacteria to outsmart treatment. Farmers, veterinarians, and policymakers face a balancing act here. Optimizing health outcomes while steering clear of avoidable risks calls for honest conversations, transparency, and a bit of humility.
Getting the dosage right improves outcomes, but compliance and monitoring often come down to boots on the ground. Working closely with trained veterinarians makes a huge difference. Investing in routine residue testing and training farm staff helps keep dosing on track and flags problems early. Public health officials and agricultural extension services provide actionable guidance and support. Peer-to-peer advice within farming communities can also sharpen attention to both dosage and withdrawal periods.
Alternative approaches—improved hygiene, vaccines, better nutrition, and robust record-keeping—help knock out some of the reasons for drug dependence. The experience in countries that have restricted or eliminated Mequindox use shows that changing habits takes time, but better animal health and food safety rewards everyone along the way. Farmers everywhere feel the everyday pressure of keeping herds healthy and productive. The lessons from Mequindox remind us that practical decisions always ripple out beyond the farm gate.
Mequindox stands out among animal feed additives for its antibacterial properties. Developed in China, this synthetic antibacterial belongs to the quinoxaline group. In the past, farmers in several countries used products like this to boost growth rates and prevent disease, especially in pigs and poultry. At first glance, it looks like a simple fix for farmers trying to keep animals healthy while increasing yield.
Researchers have linked this compound to some uncomfortable findings. Animal studies revealed the risk of organ toxicity, such as liver and kidney damage—and that’s just scratching the surface. Some experiments even found DNA mutations after exposure. Regulators flagged these concerns. Chronic exposure can build up small amounts in edible animal tissues. Ignoring these facts risks putting toxic residues on dinner tables worldwide.
Everyone wants safe food. Families expect that meat, eggs, and dairy come from healthy animals, raised with care for both their well-being and that of those who eat their products. Unsafe residues sneaking into the food supply undermines trust and puts the most vulnerable—kids and those with health issues—at greater risk. Consumers deserve more than buzzwords on a package. Real food safety means tough choices behind the scenes, even if those decisions cost a bit more or slow production.
European agencies never approved Mequindox for farm use. The United States Department of Agriculture has not sanctioned it, either. Officials cite safety doubts, including unresolved questions about how the chemical breaks down. China banned its use in food animals a few years ago. That move responded not only to scientific evidence, but also to growing local concern about contaminated pork and other animal products.
Looking for better options means turning to known and trusted tools. Good animal husbandry goes a long way: clean living quarters, vaccination, quality feed, and vet oversight. Using antibiotics only when animals are sick, not as growth promotors, helps. Some countries encourage alternatives like probiotics, essential oils, and feed enzymes that strengthen immunity.
Farmers carry the weight of feeding people and supporting rural communities. Switching away from risky additives may raise production costs and demand more hands-on work, at least at first. But in my years visiting farms and seeing food safety programs up close, I’ve watched stubborn problems fade once safer practices take root. Public health benefits from that shift, and local farming remains viable in the long run.
Farmers, feed producers, scientists, and regulators all share responsibility for what lands on our plates. Building up trust doesn’t happen overnight. It comes from honest conversations, real data, and sticking to health-based rules even under economic pressure. Refusing to use risky additives, including Mequindox, supports both farm families and folks eating at home or in a restaurant.
Food safety questions rarely stick to simple answers. Mequindox started as a practical solution but now sits in the spotlight for all the wrong reasons. A strong food system leans on the side of caution. Nobody wins if animal drugs meant to improve farming end up threatening health. Searching for the balance between safe, affordable food and agricultural productivity continues, with a focus on openness, science, and long-term thinking—never just quick fixes.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 3-methyl-2-quinoxalin-2(1H)-yloxy-1,4-dioxide |
| Other names |
MEQ quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid 1,4-dioxide-3-methyl MEQX 1,4-Dioxyquinoxaline-3-methylcarboxylic acid Mekindoqu |
| Pronunciation | /miːˈkwɪn.dɒks/ |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 3-methyl-2-quinoxalin-2-ylidene-1,4-dioxa-1,4-dihydro-2,3,5,6-tetraazabenzene |
| Other names |
MEQ Carbadox-N1, N4-dioxide 3-Methyl-2-quinoxalinecarboxamide 1,4-dioxide |
| Pronunciation | /ˈmɛk.wɪn.dɒks/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 139-89-9 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | Here is the JSmol 3D model string for **Mequindox**: ``` CC1=NC2=CC=CC=C2N=C1C3=CC=CC=C3O ``` This is the **SMILES** string, commonly used for representing molecule structures in 3D model viewers such as JSmol. |
| Beilstein Reference | 2311061 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:77051 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL2103827 |
| ChemSpider | 12182 |
| DrugBank | DB11445 |
| ECHA InfoCard | echa-info-card-10087554 |
| EC Number | 3.5.2.16 |
| Gmelin Reference | 83961 |
| KEGG | C18273 |
| MeSH | D008776 |
| PubChem CID | 16442 |
| RTECS number | LM5850000 |
| UNII | XW6C1U4KLT |
| UN number | UN2811 |
| CAS Number | [150-76-5] |
| Beilstein Reference | 361639 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:77153 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL2103830 |
| ChemSpider | 150482 |
| DrugBank | DB11438 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.163.314 |
| EC Number | EC 250-635-7 |
| Gmelin Reference | 151502 |
| KEGG | C17829 |
| MeSH | D008771 |
| PubChem CID | 32411 |
| RTECS number | KN6475000 |
| UNII | 0E1VWB6Y7G |
| UN number | UN2811 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C11H10N2O3 |
| Molar mass | 304.16 g/mol |
| Appearance | Light yellow crystalline powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.37 g/cm3 |
| Solubility in water | Slightly soluble |
| log P | 0.51 |
| Vapor pressure | 6.13E-8 mmHg at 25°C |
| Acidity (pKa) | 4.53 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 4.13 |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.661 |
| Viscosity | Viscous liquid |
| Dipole moment | 3.97 D |
| Chemical formula | C11H10N2O3 |
| Molar mass | 219.17 g/mol |
| Appearance | Yellow crystalline powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.23 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | slightly soluble |
| log P | -0.28 |
| Vapor pressure | 1.77E-8 mm Hg at 25°C |
| Acidity (pKa) | 8.47 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 6.37 |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.728 |
| Dipole moment | 2.70 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 234.6 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -122.8 kJ/mol |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 248.6 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -77.3 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -4628 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | QH01BX90 |
| ATC code | QG51AM93 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | May cause cancer; harmful if swallowed; causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure |
| GHS labelling | GHS05, GHS08 |
| Pictograms | GHS06,GHS08 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H302: Harmful if swallowed. |
| Precautionary statements | Keep out of reach of children. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. If swallowed, seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label. Avoid release to the environment. |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 2-3-1-" |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 oral rat 650 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose) of Mequindox: "940 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| NIOSH | GN8480000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL (Permissible) of Mequindox: 1 mg/kg |
| REL (Recommended) | 50 μg/kg bw |
| Main hazards | May cause cancer. Harmful if swallowed. Causes serious eye irritation. Suspected of causing genetic defects. |
| GHS labelling | GHS05, GHS08 |
| Pictograms | GHS06,GHS08,GHS09 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H302, H315, H319, H351, H360 |
| Precautionary statements | P260, P273, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 2-3-1 |
| Flash point | Flash point: 341.7°C |
| Autoignition temperature | 450°C |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 (oral, rat): 600 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): 550 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| NIOSH | RX8750000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | 50 µg/kg |
| REL (Recommended) | 1 mg/kg bw |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Carbadox Cyadox Olaquindox Quinocetone |
| Related compounds |
Carbadox Cyadox Olaquindox Quindoxin |
