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Years ago, fungal infections imposed a heavy burden on patients and healthcare workers. Through the late 1970s, choices were slim. Then, researchers at Janssen Pharmaceutica made a breakthrough: the synthesis of ketoconazole. One look at the clinical studies from that era shows how quickly this molecule changed the game. Oral formulations rolled into pharmacies, hospitals started reporting sharper drops in fungal infection rates, and pretty soon, topical forms joined the shelves. Over time, ketoconazole treatments replaced older, less reliable options. Its impact extended to veterinary use and, more controversially, found its way into shampoos for common scalp conditions. The rise of ketoconazole marks a turning point not only in pharmaceutical chemistry but also in public health, prompting investment into broader triazole and imidazole antifungals.
Ketoconazole stands as a synthetic, broad-spectrum antifungal agent. It's found as a white to slightly off-white crystalline powder. In the products I’ve used, like medicated creams and dandruff shampoos, patients often report fast relief from itching and inflammation. The popularity in both prescription and over-the-counter medications says plenty about its track record. Healthcare providers often trust ketoconazole for treating skin, mucosal, and systemic fungal infections. Despite more advanced antifungals entering the scene, ketoconazole’s medical use continues to persist because of its affordability and strong evidence base.
With a molecular formula of C26H28Cl2N4O4, ketoconazole presents as a solid crystalline structure. It dissolves poorly in water, but easily in acids, chloroform, and alcohols. This explains why most topical forms arrive as emulsions or gels, ensuring consistency and skin absorption. The melting point lands comfortably between 146°C and 152°C, which highlights its stability during storage. Chemical odor isn’t pronounced, and while the powder itself can irritate eyes or skin, careful handling avoids most minor mishaps. Pharmacologically, ketoconazole demonstrates strong binding affinity towards fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes, leading to disruption of ergosterol synthesis—a key target for antifungal strategies.
Manufacturers closely monitor purity, typically keeping impurities well below 0.1%. Tablets usually carry dosages between 200 mg and 400 mg. Creams and shampoos often list strengths between 1% and 2%. The packaging usually comes child-resistant, and labeling features crisp warnings: not for use in certain liver conditions, possible drug-drug interactions, recommended dosages, and full ingredient lists. My experience with reviewing pharmacy audits shows that regulatory agencies demand updated labeling as new evidence emerges, especially around risks of hepatotoxicity.
Getting ketoconazole from lab to formulation involves a sequence of organic synthesis steps, starting with imidazole nucleus construction, followed by strategic chlorination, and then coupling with acetophenone derivatives. Purification steps including crystallization and solvent extraction ensure high yields. Teams constantly refine the reaction conditions to boost safety and efficiency, with modern protocols favoring solvents less toxic to workers and the environment.
Ketoconazole can be chemically tweaked to fine-tune its properties. Acylation or alkylation of imidazole rings, for instance, nudges selectivity against certain fungal species. Chemical stability profiling directs manufacturers on storage conditions and ways to prevent degradation by heat or light. Reactive functional groups permit attachment of detection labels for research purposes. Modification has led to analogues with broader activity spectra, some of which have now entered the pipeline as investigational medicines.
Ketoconazole has collected a variety of names—Nizoral, Fungarest, and Oronazol, to name a few—across international markets. Chemically, it shows up as 1-acetyl-4-[4-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]piperazine, though that mouthful rarely escapes academic circles. These synonyms serve doctors, pharmacists, and regulators navigating an increasingly global supply chain.
Care must be the rule during preparation, dispensing, and administration. Chronic exposure, especially with oral forms, has led to reports of hepatic injury—sometimes fatal—leading to restrictions or warnings in several countries. Blood tests to monitor liver enzymes become standard protocol. In pharmacy practice, I’ve watched safety officers emphasize education on signs of adverse reactions, like jaundice or unusual fatigue. Handling bulk ketoconazole during production requires gloves, goggles, and extraction hoods. Environmental protocols prevent runoff into wastewater. Occupational health literature urges regular training to keep workplace standards high.
Doctors reach for ketoconazole to battle tough fungal infections—think tinea, athlete’s foot, seborrheic dermatitis, or stubborn cases of pityriasis versicolor. In regions where other antifungals cost too much or aren’t available, ketoconazole remains the mainstay. Veterinary formulations treat ringworm and related infections in animals. Shampoo forms have delivered relief to countless patients who’ve lived with dandruff for years. Even as more advanced drugs crowd the market, rural clinics and resource-limited hospitals rely on ketoconazole because access and cost drive decisions as much as cutting-edge data.
Over the years, laboratories worldwide have published studies on the structure-activity relationship of ketoconazole and its analogues. Dozens of research teams aim to reduce hepatotoxicity through modifications, some even exploring nanocarrier systems to target the drug directly to affected tissues. Papers increasingly analyze resistance mechanisms among Candida and Aspergillus species, which could threaten future utility. Academia and industry join forces in developing new delivery mechanisms—films, sprays, novel emulsions—putting older molecules like ketoconazole into a new light. The research community isn’t just finding better drugs; they’re improving ways to use the drugs we already own.
Case reports of ketoconazole-induced liver injury have spurred regulatory crackdowns. Trials conducted through the 1990s up to today prioritize post-marketing surveillance. FDA advisories now limit oral use to cases where alternatives don’t exist. Topical forms fare better but can cause local irritation or hypersensitivity. Animal studies offer insight into dose limits, reproduction safety, and long-term exposure risks. Environmental toxicity studies ensure pharma manufacturing doesn’t compromise aquatic life, and I’ve followed research linking persistent residues to ecosystem damage. Safeguards at every stage of the supply chain remain a must—for people and planet alike.
The future for ketoconazole stands at a crossroads. For topical and veterinary products, strong demand likely endures. Innovations in delivery and formulation could offer safer, more effective treatment strategies, reducing systemic absorption while preserving antifungal punch. Policy makers face tough calls balancing cost, resistance concerns, and public safety. Generic production keeps therapy affordable, but misuse (like improper dosing) risks undermining decades of progress. Emerging science around combination therapies and dual-target molecules looks to rescue fading antifungals for another generation. How stakeholders—patients, doctors, researchers, regulators—work together will shape whether this molecule continues as a linchpin or becomes a footnote in antifungal history.
Ask anyone who’s ever dealt with stubborn scalp itching or odd patches on their skin: antifungal treatments can feel like a lifeline. Ketoconazole came onto the scene back in the 1970s, a time when dermatology was starting to evolve past old-school remedies. Originally, doctors reached for it to fight fungal infections. Decades later, the same medicine still lines pharmacy shelves, proving its staying power in both creams and shampoos.
At its core, ketoconazole goes after the kind of fungi that tend to mess up skin, nails, and scalp. It blocks the formation of ergosterol, a key part of a fungal cell wall. Without ergosterol, fungi pretty much fall apart. You find ketoconazole in shampoos for dandruff (seborrheic dermatitis), athletes hunting for relief from ringworm, and people fighting tinea versicolor, which looks like harmless patches but can bring self-consciousness.
Experience has shown that most folks feel better within weeks of using ketoconazole shampoo on flaky, itchy scalps. I’ve known people who tried countless home remedies for dandruff—oils, vinegar rinses, endless over-the-counter fixes—with little luck. When nothing worked, a simple switch to a medicated shampoo, the kind with 2% ketoconazole, usually offered real relief.
Most people reach for ketoconazole shampoos for scalp issues, but the medication’s versatility doesn’t stop there. Doctors often use the cream for athlete’s foot, jock itch, and yeast infections of the skin. In tropical areas, it’s not rare to see tinea infections flare up with humidity, so everyday folks and athletes alike rely on these treatments.
For some patients, ketoconazole tablets once stood as a go-to for severe fungal infections, particularly for people with weakened immune systems. However, due to the risk of liver injury and harmful drug interactions, the oral form now stays reserved for situations where safer medicines don’t cut it.
No medication brings results without risks. Ketoconazole—especially in tablet form—can hit the liver hard. The Food and Drug Administration reminded the public in 2013 that liver failure, sometimes fatal, sometimes requiring transplants, almost always surfaced in people using oral ketoconazole. That warning pushed most doctors toward topical over oral use except in rare, dire cases.
Another problem: overuse of antifungals builds resistance. That’s not some distant future issue—I’ve met physicians who have already noticed certain skin fungi growing tougher to fight. Messing around with over-the-counter antifungals without clear guidance from a healthcare professional risks making common infections much harder to treat over time.
People battling recurring dandruff, itching, or weird skin rashes shouldn’t just self-treat endlessly. Dermatologists combine antifungal treatments with lifestyle advice—washing gym clothes often, swapping out hats, or drying off thoroughly after sweating—to tackle not just symptoms but the root habits that let fungi thrive.
Pharmacists can play a huge part by advising on correct use and pointing out early signs of trouble, like skin irritation or yellowing eyes that hint at liver issues. The key is working hand-in-hand with health professionals, not just grabbing whatever sits on the pharmacy shelf.
Bringing more attention to preventive care and routine check-ins means fewer folks need heavy-duty drugs in the long run and helps keep treatments like ketoconazole working for the folks who really need them.
Most folks know ketoconazole as a remedy for flaky, itchy skin. It works to tame fungi that set up shop on your skin and scalp. Doctors often recommend it for ringworm, athlete’s foot, jock itch, and even stubborn dandruff. The availability in both cream and shampoo forms gives folks flexibility, letting them treat skin or scalp based on what’s going on.
People who wake up scratching their head or skin often reach for anything handy in the bathroom. Ketoconazole turns that routine into something more effective. For creams, wash and dry the area completely. Too much dryness won’t help, but wet skin slows absorption. Use just enough to cover the irritated spot with a thin layer, and rub it in gently. Covering the area with thick layers wastes medicine and doesn’t speed things up. Wash hands after, unless your hands are the problem. Shoes off if you’re treating athlete’s foot—air helps the work along.
For the shampoo, most folks lather too quickly and rinse it off before it does its job. Wet the scalp well, apply the shampoo, and build a lather focusing on the affected spots. Let it hang out for five minutes, maybe while brushing your teeth or washing up elsewhere. Then rinse away. No need for fancy conditioners right after; let the scalp heal before layering on other products.
Doctors don’t wing the frequency. For fungal skin infections, once or twice a day works best, based on how angry the rash is and whether a doc has tailored the advice. Folks treating dandruff usually use the shampoo twice weekly to start, then drop down as things clear up. There’s no racing past directions by using more or piling on doses.
Forgetting to use ketoconazole or cutting treatment short lets the fungus regroup. Like weeds, incomplete treatment means it grows right back. Cases I’ve seen drag on for months from half-hearted application, and skipping days keeps pharmacies and clinics busier. Following instructions cuts down unnecessary costs and gets you back to feeling normal.
Irritation sometimes happens, especially for sensitive skin. Stop at the first sign of swelling or blisters, and call your doctor. No one benefits from toughing it out through a reaction. People using it for the first time can patch-test on a small area to avoid surprises. Missing a dose isn’t the end of the world, but jumping back in as soon as remembered keeps things consistent.
Sharing creams with family may seem kind, but what helps one person might set off trouble in another. Mixing with over-the-counter steroid creams can also hide or worsen problems. Medical advice has a purpose. Asking a pharmacist or doctor before mixing products or passing creams along can save everyone a headache.
Store ketoconazole at room temperature, out of direct sunlight. Check dates before starting. Medicine loses strength with time and heat. Most important, stick with the plan. Clearing up skin, feet, or scalp issues with ketoconazole in the right way saves time, money, and stress. You get back to daily life faster and stay comfortable longer.
Ketoconazole has a reputation for fighting fungal infections, both on the skin and inside the body. I remember the first time a friend needed it for a persistent rash. The cream helped, but she soon asked about itching, dryness, and redness in the same area. These skin reactions come up a lot, especially with topical treatment. Itching, burning, or stinging often happen right after people start putting it on. Some people see their skin peel or feel their skin get dry. This feels discouraging, especially for those already struggling with irritation from a fungal condition.
The pill form of ketoconazole brings different concerns. Stomach issues land at the top of the list. Nausea can make sticking with treatment tough. People bring up abdominal pain, upset stomach, even vomiting or diarrhea. More rarely, people notice headaches or dizziness soon after starting the medication.
What sets ketoconazole apart is its possible impact on the liver. Reports of liver problems linked to the drug have led health regulators to restrict its oral use to only serious fungal infections. The United States Food and Drug Administration flagged these issues over a decade ago. Over the years, several people developed hepatitis or even life-threatening liver failure after starting oral ketoconazole therapy. Numbers matter here. In large reviews, as many as 1 in 500 people taking the pill long-term had to stop after their liver enzymes climbed. That means lab work isn’t just a formality when taking this drug as a pill—it’s essential.
Skin reactions and stomach troubles come up with more medications, but liver injury from ketoconazole stands out. Not every drug in its class causes the same risks. Doctors often reach for safer alternatives like fluconazole or itraconazole, which don’t carry the same level of warning.
Ketoconazole blocks certain steroids in the body, which sometimes tampers with hormone levels. Men can see breast swelling or tenderness and even sexual problems if they use oral forms for too long. Kids might see delayed puberty. I have seen doctors check testosterone or cortisol in patients who have trouble bouncing back after finishing treatment. Some women have reported changes in their periods.
Allergic reactions can happen too, though rarely. Signs include hives, swelling, or trouble breathing. These situations deserve swift medical attention.
Risks rarely vanish, but they can be managed. Health professionals should review people’s medications, pre-existing liver problems, and other health factors before starting ketoconazole, especially the pill form. Blood tests make a difference for anyone on oral ketoconazole. I’ve seen pharmacists remind patients to call their doctor if yellowing of the skin, dark urine, or ongoing nausea crops up. These signals should never be ignored.
Picking the right treatment up front often steers people away from medicine that carries these risks. Topical ketoconazole stays popular since it usually doesn’t reach levels in the blood high enough to hurt the liver or mess with hormones. For deep-seated infections, tried-and-true oral antifungals with fewer side effects usually find their way onto the prescription pad instead.
Reading and talking about side effects builds trust between patients and care teams. Honest conversations give people power to catch problems sooner, so they can treat infections safely without paying a bigger price than planned.
Anyone who takes prescription drugs probably learns the importance of being careful when adding anything new to the mix. I’ve experienced this myself. Whether it’s a new antifungal, a pain reliever, or a vitamin, interactions can cause unexpected messes. Ketoconazole belongs to a class of antifungals once used for everything from ringworm to stubborn nail infections. It tackles fungal infections by stopping fungi from building their cell walls. The thing is, this drug packs more power than it lets on. That’s why questions about its safety with other medications keep coming up in clinics and pharmacies.
This drug often gets attention in healthcare settings because of its strong effect on liver enzymes, particularly CYP3A4. The liver acts like a sorting facility, breaking down many medicines using these enzymes. Ketoconazole puts brakes on those processes. When I took care of loved ones on multiple prescriptions, I saw how mixing the wrong drugs caused side effects or stopped treatments from working. Ketoconazole isn’t subtle: slowing down breakdown of medicines like cholesterol reducers (simvastatin), tranquilizers (midazolam), or some heart rhythm drugs can send their levels soaring in the bloodstream. Too much of the wrong thing becomes dangerous fast — from uncontrolled muscle breakdown to trouble breathing or abnormal heart rhythms.
Many drugs count on precise balance, so a heavy hitter like ketoconazole throws off their rhythms. Blood thinners such as warfarin, immune suppressants such as cyclosporine, and even some diabetes medications can become too potent, leading to bleeds or dangerously low blood sugar. You don’t need years in pharmacy school to see why this matters. Even something as common as a cholesterol pill or allergy med could turn risky with ketoconazole in the mix. In my circle, plenty of people reach for over-the-counter remedies or herbal supplements without double-checking interactions, which adds another layer of risk — grapefruit juice, for example, bolsters these issues by slowing drug breakdown even more.
Ketoconazole once came as both tablets and topical creams. Because the oral version brings stronger risks to the table, many countries have limited its use. Physicians now turn to safer alternatives for most fungal infections. Still, topical creams remain available, and some patients try to use leftover tablets or get them online. This habit, often driven by cost or convenience, opens the door to accidental overdoses or toxicities. I’ve seen families scramble, worried after someone felt dizzy or lightheaded, only to learn mixing their antifungal with a heart medicine caused trouble.
Practical safeguards help. Before starting a new prescription, talking honestly about all current medications makes a world of difference. Saving a list of all drugs — not just prescriptions, but also vitamins and supplements — gives your healthcare provider a clear picture. Pharmacies now flag dangerous combinations, a step forward from a decade ago. Simple habits help, too. Reading pharmacy printouts and following up on possible side effects means small problems get caught early. This “better safe than sorry” mindset is something I’ve learned from experience and from watching friends handle chronic health issues.
Figuring out if ketoconazole fits your needs takes more than guessing or checking online forums. Trusted sources, such as healthcare professionals or reliable medical sites, keep you ahead of trouble. The stakes get higher with complex medicine regimens, and shortcuts rarely pay off. In my experience, open communication with your doctor or pharmacist works best — they have the latest information on what’s safe and what isn’t. Whether it’s ketoconazole or any other “strong” medication, this approach keeps health in your hands, not left to chance.
Ketoconazole treats fungal infections pretty effectively. It tackles everything from ringworm to stubborn dandruff. Never a stranger to the medicine cabinet, especially in pill and shampoo form. But life gets complicated during pregnancy and nursing, and not every trusted medicine on the shelf stays safe. Problems grow bigger, because a developing baby or nursing infant might not tolerate even everyday meds the same way an adult can.
What jumps out right away: doctors and pharmacists generally hesitate to recommend ketoconazole during pregnancy. Researchers at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration put ketoconazole pills in Pregnancy Category C. That means animal studies found some problems in developing babies exposed to the medicine, though not enough human studies exist to give a clear green light. In animal trials, embryos and fetuses sometimes showed changes in growth or organ development. The problem with translating animal results to humans is that each species breaks down medicine differently—what hurts a rat doesn’t always harm a baby, but that’s not enough reassurance for most parents or doctors.
Many people take ketoconazole by mouth, but topical versions (shampoo, cream) are common too. Swallowing the medication delivers a much higher dose to the system. When applied to the skin or scalp, much less gets absorbed into the blood. Small amounts still make it through the skin barrier, though. No scientist can guarantee that zero medicine crosses into the placenta or breast milk, even from a topical application. So every healthcare provider weighs whether treating the infection is more important than the small chance of problems for the baby. I have seen anxious parents ask, “Can’t something else work while I’m pregnant?” That turns out to be a good question, because safer alternatives do exist for most fungal issues.
Doctors often steer toward older antifungal medicines with a longer track record in pregnancy. Some topical antimycotics, such as clotrimazole or nystatin, tend to be prescribed more often. These have fewer reported problems with developing babies. Tough infections might leave fewer choices—which puts both parent and doctor in a tough spot. Sometimes a bad, deep-seated infection leaves everyone scrambling for options. Still, in most cases, less risky creams or shampoos step in. This approach helps keep everyone’s mind at ease, myself included, because babies face enough challenges from day one.
Breastfeeding brings another layer of worry. Whatever winds up in a mother’s bloodstream may wind up in her milk as well. Ketoconazole passes into milk in small amounts. No huge tragedies have been linked to these traces, but scientists never study every rare event in large detail. The safest route in my own experience has always been caution. If something safer does the job, that’s the route parents and pediatricians take. Most parents I’ve spoken to want clear answers. There’s not always a simple one, so careful conversations with a pharmacist or obstetrician matter.
Anyone facing a tough infection during pregnancy or breastfeeding feels conflicted—you want to feel healthy and protect a child at the same time. Talking openly with a healthcare provider ensures the smartest path forward. Medicines like ketoconazole stick around because they help many people, but the risk calculation changes during pregnancy and early infancy. Trust in a healthcare team’s deeper experience pays dividends for both mother and baby.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 1-\[4-\[\[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl\]piperazine |
| Other names |
Nizoral Xolegel Extina Ketozole Kuric Sebizole |
| Pronunciation | /ˌkiːtəˈkoʊnəzoʊl/ |
| Preferred IUPAC name | (±)-cis-1-Acetyl-4-[4-[[(2R,4S)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]piperazine |
| Other names |
Nizoral Sebizole Xolegel Extina Ketoderm |
| Pronunciation | /kiːtəˈkoʊnəzoʊl/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 65277-42-1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | `ketoconazole.mol',251B;JSmol|Ketoconazole|C26H28Cl2N4O4|/3D/08/08/ketoconazole.jsmol` |
| Beilstein Reference | 3539292 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:4754 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL485 |
| ChemSpider | 5467 |
| DrugBank | DB01026 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 03f2c5d4-575c-48a7-87e6-7c5bafa392f9 |
| EC Number | EC 3.14.99.31 |
| Gmelin Reference | Gmelin Reference: **85268** |
| KEGG | D00351 |
| MeSH | D003477 |
| PubChem CID | 3823 |
| RTECS number | TZ9350000 |
| UNII | R9400W927I |
| UN number | UN3077 |
| CAS Number | 65277-42-1 |
| Beilstein Reference | 2088562 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:4754 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL485 |
| ChemSpider | 9675 |
| DrugBank | DB01026 |
| ECHA InfoCard | ECHA InfoCard: 100.013.761 |
| EC Number | EC 3.6.4.13 |
| Gmelin Reference | 68124 |
| KEGG | C08098 |
| MeSH | D003477 |
| PubChem CID | 3823 |
| RTECS number | GL9575000 |
| UNII | R9400W927I |
| UN number | UN3077 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | DTXSID7020162 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C26H28Cl2N4O4 |
| Molar mass | 531.43 g/mol |
| Appearance | white to slightly beige crystalline powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.26 g/cm3 |
| Solubility in water | Slightly soluble |
| log P | 3.8 |
| Vapor pressure | 4.7 x 10^-9 mmHg |
| Acidity (pKa) | 6.54 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 6.51 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -85.5×10⁻⁶ cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.570 |
| Viscosity | Viscosity: 500-700 cP |
| Dipole moment | 3.87 D |
| Chemical formula | C26H28Cl2N4O4 |
| Molar mass | 531.431 g/mol |
| Appearance | White to slightly beige, crystalline powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.54 g/cm3 |
| Solubility in water | Slightly soluble |
| log P | 3.7 |
| Vapor pressure | 7.81E-10 mmHg |
| Acidity (pKa) | 6.51 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 6.51 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -77.9e-6 cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.566 |
| Viscosity | Viscous |
| Dipole moment | 4.45 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 354.6 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -288.6 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -8998 kJ/mol |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 322.6 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -9718 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | D01AC08 |
| ATC code | D01AC08 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | May be harmful if swallowed; causes eye irritation; may cause skin irritation |
| GHS labelling | GHS05, GHS07 |
| Pictograms | `GHS07` |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H302, H315, H319, H361fd |
| Precautionary statements | Keep out of reach of children. For external use only. Avoid contact with eyes. If irritation occurs, discontinue use and consult a doctor. Do not use on broken or inflamed skin unless directed by a physician. |
| Flash point | > 170°C |
| Autoignition temperature | 390°C |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 (oral, rat): 1,230 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose) of Ketoconazole: **1749 mg/kg (oral, rat)** |
| NIOSH | PBM27300TD |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit) for Ketoconazole: Not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 400 mg daily |
| Main hazards | May cause eye irritation. |
| GHS labelling | GHS07, GHS08 |
| Pictograms | `GHS07` |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H302, H315, H319, H351, H410 |
| Precautionary statements | Keep out of reach of children. If swallowed, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away. For external use only. Avoid contact with eyes. If irritation occurs or condition worsens, discontinue use and consult a doctor. |
| Flash point | > 185°C |
| Autoignition temperature | > 464 °C |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 oral (rat): 2640 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose) of Ketoconazole: "174 mg/kg (oral, rat) |
| NIOSH | ST233 |
| REL (Recommended) | 0.02 |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | IDLH: Not Listed |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Clotrimazole Econazole Miconazole Fluconazole Itraconazole Posaconazole Voriconazole Tioconazole Sulconazole |
| Related compounds |
Clotrimazole Econazole Miconazole Fluconazole Itraconazole Posaconazole Voriconazole |
