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Long before cordycepin found its place in a laboratory setting, it caught the eyes of traditional healers working with caterpillar fungus on the Tibetan plateau. Folks have brewed teas and medicinal broths from Cordyceps mushrooms for centuries, betting on its ability to boost stamina and recovery. In the 1950s, scientists in Japan managed to isolate a compound—cordycepin, also known as 3’-deoxyadenosine—bringing its potential under the microscope. Over seventy years of research have peeled back layers on how cordycepin works, stretching from herbal tradition to molecular biology, and today, research labs and supplement makers track its development.
Cordycepin stands out as a natural nucleoside analog—a molecule that resembles adenosine, which DNA and RNA both use as building blocks. Most cordycepin in commerce stems from fermentation of Cordyceps militaris, sidestepping wild harvesting that threatens native populations. This compound doesn’t just churn out pills and powders for wellness stores; pharmaceutical firms see promise in its anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory actions, often listing it in the pipeline alongside other biotechnological advancements.
Cordycepin looks like a simple white to off-white powder at room temperature, easy to blend or encapsulate. It dissolves in water, with a slight bitter note. This molecule weighs 251.24 g/mol and boasts the formula C10H13N5O3. Its chemical skeleton stands apart from adenosine because it lacks an oxygen atom on the ribose ring, a surprisingly small edit that changes how enzymes and cells interact with it. The melting point sits just above 230 °C, and under normal storage in a dry, cool spot, cordycepin remains stable enough for formulation.
Product labels should show purity in percentage, identification by HPLC, and residual solvent levels if produced by fermentation. Producers include a certificate of analysis with each batch, marking impurity profiles, heavy metals, and moisture content. Transparency pulls weight for both supplement sellers and drug researchers—people expect CAS numbers, expiration dates, lot codes, and country of origin. Meeting food-grade or pharmaceutical-grade expectations hinges on proven analysis methods.
Industrial production of cordycepin usually begins with the fermentation of Cordyceps militaris strains in controlled bioreactors. Sugar-rich media feed the fungus, and over days it churns out metabolites under set temperatures and oxygenation routines. After the fermentation ends, technicians filter off the fungal mycelium. They treat the broth to isolate cordycepin, either using adsorption resins or solvent extraction. Further purification—by crystallization or preparative chromatography—ensures the product meets pharmaceutical or supplement quality. The whole process leans on cleanroom standards and documented quality checks, trimming the contamination risk that can crop up with wild harvests.
Cordycepin’s molecular structure gives chemists several handles for modification, especially on its ribose sugar and purine ring. Through selective oxidation or phosphorylation, cordycepin derivatives emerge that block specific nucleic acid processing enzymes. Some labs have looked into attaching protective groups to boost stability in biological fluids, while others chase prodrugs allowing targeted delivery. Researchers often use cordycepin itself as a starting point for new antiviral or anti-cancer candidates, leveraging its natural ability to trick cellular machinery.
Cordycepin wears several names in both science and commerce. Some call it 3’-deoxyadenosine, reflecting its structural difference from adenosine. In supplement trades and herbal formulator circles, the names “Cordyceps extract” and “Cordyceps nucleoside” pop up often, but only pure cordycepin matches the structure and potency set by pharmacopoeias. CAS number 73-03-0 often appears on laboratory and industrial lots, helping buyers verify authenticity in a world rife with plant extract adulteration.
Working with cordycepin means paying close attention to good manufacturing practices. Processor and packager teams calibrate their facilities to handle biologically active molecules with the right containment and protective gear. Certificates of analysis check for allergens, endotoxins, and heavy metal content before batches leave the lot. Regulatory bodies in the US and EU have yet to give cordycepin full pharmaceutical approval, but supplement manufacturers register under dietary ingredient frameworks. Clear dosage directions and disclaimers warn users with allergies or underlying conditions to steer clear without medical supervision.
Scientists stick cordycepin into petri dishes and animal studies hoping to disrupt cancer cell DNA synthesis, fight inflammation, or slow viral replication. In sports supplements, it claims energy support and adaptation against fatigue—athletes and biohackers mix it in daily stacks after workouts or long meetings. Pharma teams write patents using cordycepin as a backbone for new drug scaffolds targeting malaria, tuberculosis, and certain neurological disorders. Some skincare formulators look to cordycepin for anti-aging creams, betting on its antioxidant punch. The cross-section of wellness, food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics keeps demand broad and research lively.
Labs worldwide break new ground on how cordycepin tweaks signaling pathways, apoptosis, and viral replication. Peer-reviewed studies stack up on cancer cell inhibition, showing cell-cycle arrest and programmed cell death in leukemia and breast cancer models. Teams at clinical centers track its pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and safety in small pilot groups. Industry chases methods to ramp up yields in fermentation or chemical synthesis, aiming to scale supply without wild sources. Trends push artificial cultivation with genetically tweaked Cordyceps strains, tightening batch-to-batch consistency for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical companies.
Checking real effects means charting potential harm. Acute animal studies point to low toxicity in standard oral doses, though high levels and intravenous routes cause kidney and liver changes over time. Researchers advise caution for people with purine metabolism disorders or kidney illness; the body clears cordycepin via urine but can run into trouble if clearance falters. Human trials run at low daily doses report mild gastrointestinal upset and headache in a handful of subjects. Herbalists using whole fungus note rare allergic reactions. For industry, setting strict residual solvent and microbial limits in final products offers an added buffer.
Looking ahead, cordycepin rides a wave of interest from companies that want more than herbal lore. Synthetic biology hints at yeast and bacterial platforms pumping out cordycepin more cleanly and cheaply than fungus alone. Pharma research dials in on how to deliver cordycepin across the blood-brain barrier or keep it from breaking down in blood, aiming for next-generation drugs. Regulatory acceptance depends on large, well-powered human studies, thorough toxicology, and transparent labeling. Consumer interest in natural compounds keeps supplement shelves stocked, but pressure mounts for tighter standards and deeper clinical understanding. Whether in cancer clinics, supplement jars, or fermentation labs, cordycepin’s reputation as a molecular Swiss army knife paves its way toward broader applications and safety assurances.
Cordycepin comes from a mushroom called Cordyceps militaris. If you’ve ever read about herbal remedies or followed natural health trends in Asia, this mushroom probably rings a bell. Cordycepin is a compound right at the center of Cordyceps’ reputation for healing. Its chemical structure resembles adenosine, a molecule that sits at the core of how your cells make and use energy.
After spending years chatting with alternative medicine folks and a few scientists, I’ve found folks swear by cordycepin-loaded supplements for immunity. Scientific papers back up some of these claims. Studies show cordycepin helps modulate the immune response, making it easier for the body to keep inflammation under control. Chronic inflammation often drives many diseases, from arthritis to heart issues. Reducing inflammation doesn’t just ease pain—it may slow down wear and tear on the whole body. Boosting your defense often means fewer sick days and more energy, which goes a long way, especially during flu season.
Lab studies show cordycepin can slow down or even stop the growth of certain cancer cells. This matters because new therapies can give people with few options some hope for better days. While traditional cancer care relies on chemotherapy, which can hammer healthy cells, cordycepin appears to affect cancer cells by interrupting their signals for growth and reproduction. Of course, human trials still need to catch up with lab results, but the early findings bring cautious optimism.
Stress and anxiety feel common these days. Cordycepin seems to help reshape the body’s stress responses. Some folks who use Cordyceps extracts report better sleep and steadier moods. There’s real interest in how cordycepin interacts with brain chemicals, especially serotonin. One mouse study showed fewer anxiety behaviors and better sleep when cordycepin entered the mix. While animal results don’t always translate to humans, any natural compound that might support mental health deserves a closer look, given the rising need for new options.
Athletes in Asia sometimes use Cordyceps to push through tough workouts. Cordycepin could help boost oxygen use and balance the body’s energy systems. When cells use energy more efficiently, exercise feels easier and recovery speeds up. It's not magic, but amateur runners and gym-goers often report less fatigue. Data from small trials point to real gains in aerobic capacity and endurance. Imagine a supplement that genuinely supports that mid-afternoon slump or a long bike ride.
The gut is your body’s gatekeeper. Cordycepin helps protect the lining and balances good bacteria. A lot of folks with chronic stomach problems—think acid reflux, ulcers, or indigestion—often see improvement after adding Cordyceps. Research shows this compound can repair and soothe gut tissue while taming harmful microbes. Over time, less inflammation and a smoother gut may help slow down the wear and tear that comes with aging.
Not every natural product turns out safe for every person. Some folks run into side effects or allergic reactions. High doses could interact with other drugs. Anybody with kidney issues, immune problems, or on prescription medicine should talk to a doctor first. Trusted brands, steady doses, and real conversations with healthcare providers matter. A wise approach puts safety ahead of hype, even for something as promising as cordycepin.
Cordycepin is a natural compound found in Cordyceps militaris, a fungus with a long history in traditional Eastern medicine. Some call it a modern “biohack” for stamina and immunity, thanks to a mix of folk tradition and today’s supplement boom. The claims sound almost magical—better sleep, energy, and even possible anti-cancer potential. But behind the buzz, people wonder: what risks come along for the ride?
Researchers have looked into cordycepin’s effects over the past two decades. Lab studies suggest cordycepin might help slow tumor growth, cut inflammation, and support the immune system. Still, most of this work sticks to petri dishes and animal models. Only a handful of controlled trials involve humans, and even those keep sample sizes small. The handful of real-world reports on cordycepin come from people taking mushroom supplements, not pharmaceutical-grade extracts. This gap matters because pills in the health food aisle rarely match lab conditions.
Cordycepin supplements usually cause no side effects in healthy adults taking ordinary doses. Every now and then, someone reports mild tummy trouble: an upset stomach, queasiness, or loose stools. Allergic reactions remain rare, though possible with anything fungal for people with underlying sensitivities. Fatigue sometimes shows up, as cordycepin might lower blood pressure in a handful of users. If someone already battles low blood pressure, this drop can turn into dizziness or fainting. No major medical journals list widespread, severe side effects from cordycepin in healthy populations, but few have fully tracked its use over years.
Supplementing with cordycepin doesn’t happen in a vacuum. Folks on blood thinners, immune suppressants, or diabetes drugs should talk to a doctor before mixing in any new supplement. Cordycepin could, in theory, worsen bleeding risks or amplify insulin effects. The risk seems small, but even “natural” compounds can mess with prescriptions. Pregnant people and children sit in an even less studied camp—no one truly knows whether the supplement’s safe without targeted research.
The supplement world can play fast and loose with quality control. Without solid regulation, some products tout more cordycepin than they actually deliver, or disguise blends that include unrelated ingredients and fillers. Independent batch testing, a Certificate of Analysis, and shopping with established brands matter more than flashy claims or bargain prices. I’ve seen friends order supplements online, thinking each bottle brings the same relief or energy spike. Quality varies by brand, batch, and source, so chasing the “cheapest” option isn’t always safe—or effective.
Natural doesn’t always mean harmless. People should weigh their own health history, rely on real communication with healthcare professionals, and focus on data over hype. Cordycepin may help some people feel better or get that immune nudge, but risks can creep in—especially mixed with prescription drugs or in high doses. Until the science catches up, keeping caution at the forefront serves everyone better than trusting an internet headline or word-of-mouth review. The story of cordycepin is still being written, and it needs more critical eyes on both safety and benefit.
Cordycepin, a bioactive compound from Cordyceps mushrooms, caught my attention after reading about its roots in traditional Eastern medicine. I started looking into it after seeing claims about energy support and immune system benefits. People talk a lot about what to take, but not always how to take something so it actually works. Cordycepin isn’t magic. Just popping capsules at random times or thanks to internet trends won’t bring the results you want.
After asking my doctor and a clinical nutritionist, I learned that the dose truly matters. Most supplements in stores come in 200-400 mg capsules. Studies published in food and pharmacology journals point to a safe range from 200 mg to 1,000 mg daily, split into two doses. One thing I found: too much, too fast can mean digestive upset or headaches. With this in mind, I started at a low dose, waited a week to see how I felt, then slowly increased.
Supplements vary widely. Labels sometimes scream “pure cordycepin,” but you only know what’s inside if the company tests each batch. I checked brands for third-party testing and looked at Certificates of Analysis on their websites. Cordycepin can degrade if exposed to heat or moisture during processing. I avoided products with vague “herbal complex” ingredients or unclear sourcing. Real, third-party tested ingredients aren’t cheap, but quality matters more to me than saving a few dollars.
Cordycepin absorbs best with water. I found that taking a capsule after breakfast (instead of on an empty stomach) helped avoid stomach irritation. Friends mention mixing powdered Cordyceps in coffee and smoothies, but there’s little research showing this makes a big difference. Drinking plenty of water supports natural processing through the kidneys. I always keep track of caffeine and avoid mixing cordycepin with other stimulant-heavy drinks just in case.
Talking with healthcare providers matters, especially for anyone on blood thinners, immune-suppressing drugs, or diabetes medication. Cordycepin can lower blood sugar or interact with anticoagulants. I double-checked with my doctor and kept a small journal to track side effects and potential changes. If anything felt off, I hit pause. Websites and peer-reviewed journals repeatedly stress to stop and seek help if you notice problems, and I agree—gut feelings shouldn’t be ignored.
Early on, I wanted quick results—better sleep, less stress, more energy. After four weeks, I noticed only gentle changes: slightly better focus and fewer mid-afternoon crashes. Most studies show cordycepin works gradually. Claims about big immune system boosts sound nice, but sustainable benefits come over months, not days. I stay skeptical about “miracle” mushroom blends promising too much, too fast.
Open conversations help others avoid pitfalls. My routine: choose a reputable brand, check the label, start with a low dose, record how I feel, and talk with professionals. Cordycepin fits best as part of a bigger wellbeing plan—why I pay attention to sleep, food, movement, and social connections. No single supplement does the whole job. It’s the day-to-day details that build real change.
Cordycepin comes from Cordyceps militaris, a mushroom that’s caught the attention of many looking for natural wellness options. It shows up in supplement shops, sometimes claiming to help with immunity, anti-aging, and even cancer. Big promises travel fast, especially online. Before filling the cupboard with mushroom pills, it makes sense to see how cordycepin actually holds up when people take it for long stretches.
Cordycepin’s rise traces back to its supposed centuries-old use in traditional Chinese medicine. These days, the mushroom’s main molecule has landed in laboratory studies for its anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor traits. Some small animal studies hint at liver protection and support for endurance, feeding the wellness community’s intrigue.
Interest soared during the pandemic. People sought supplements that claimed to lift immunity and reduce fatigue. Social media made cordycepin’s benefits look simple and risk-free. I’ve seen many folks drawn in by success stories from fitness influencers, but experience shows the effects of any supplement rarely look the same for everyone. Blindly chasing a trend can bring more trouble than help.
Most safety information for cordycepin comes from early animal research and a smattering of short-term human studies. According to a review published in Phytomedicine (2022), no chronic toxicity appeared in rodents receiving cordycepin over a couple of months. That’s a start, not a green light. Human bodies process things differently, and real lives don’t look like controlled lab settings.
Researchers in clinical pilot studies gave healthy adults cordycepin extracts for a few weeks, checking liver and kidney enzymes without spotting big red flags. These studies usually involved fewer than fifty people per group. They weren’t powered to detect uncommon or long-term side effects. A lot can happen over years rather than weeks.
Stories online sometimes gloss over possible irritation to the stomach or mild dizziness. Cordycepin might change how blood clots work. Someone on blood thinners or other medicines could run into complications that show up only after many months.
Regulatory bodies like the U.S. FDA and the European Food Safety Authority haven’t approved cordycepin as a prescription drug. Supplements can hit market shelves with very little oversight. Product quality swings wildly, especially with Cordyceps. Mislabeling and contamination happen. It’s not rare for third-party tests to show that what’s advertised on the label doesn’t match what’s in the bottle.
Doctors and pharmacists have learned from fish oil and green tea extract that "natural" often gets mistaken for perfectly safe. Over time, there have been plenty of cases where a daily supplement turned out to worsen underlying conditions or react with other medicines. Cordycepin’s lack of long-term data means no one can confidently reassure users that it’s risk-free for years on end.
Those considering cordycepin should ask a qualified health professional before making it part of a daily routine. They can review your individual risks, especially if you take any regular prescriptions. If someone sticks with it, sourcing from nonprofit-certified labs reduces the risk of contamination. It’s not flashy advice, but careful tracking and regular health check-ins matter more than a few glowing reviews on a supplement website.
Science sometimes moves slowly. That’s not a flaw; it reflects respect for complexity and safety. Cordycepin’s potential deserves real, large-scale, and long-term studies. Until those exist, caution holds more weight than rumors.
Cordycepin usually pops up in wellness conversations or herbal supplement stores. It comes from the Cordyceps mushroom, a staple in traditional Chinese medicine. Wellness blogs love to praise its potential for boosting mood, managing stress, and supporting heart health. Some studies suggest interesting effects—like reducing inflammation or supporting the immune system. As with many supplements that get a sudden burst of attention, folks start adding it to their routines or mixing it in smoothies without much guidance.
Cordycepin is not just another herbal powder; it's a bioactive compound that works inside the body, affecting different pathways. Now, that's where the problems can start if you’re already taking medication.
Take blood thinners or anticoagulants as an example. Cordycepin has been studied for its ability to affect blood flow and clotting. If someone adds cordycepin on top of medications like warfarin or aspirin, things can tilt dangerously. Even something as routine as a daily aspirin, when mixed with unknown blood-affecting compounds, can bring on unexpected bleeding or bruising. I’ve seen a neighbor learn this lesson the hard way—he thought herbal meant harmless, experienced a nosebleed that wouldn’t quit, and only then realized it might tie back to his supplement cabinet.
The situation gets trickier for people on diabetes medications. Some early research hints that cordycepin could lower blood sugar levels. Tossing it in the mix with metformin, insulin, or other diabetes drugs could push glucose levels too low, raising the risk for hypoglycemia. More than a few folks have ended up shaky, dizzy, and confused, not realizing this simple supplement helped push them past the threshold.
Anybody managing depression or anxiety might also feel the urge to try mushrooms like Cordyceps. Popular opinion suggests these supplements might ease mood—but neurotransmitters are a delicate thing. Cordycepin may interact with the serotonin or dopamine systems, interacting with antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs, or even medications for Parkinson’s. Instead of getting better, side effects creep in—headaches, agitation, even changes in blood pressure. It’s tough to predict since people’s bodies all process drugs differently. That’s where having a pharmacist in your corner matters.
What folks sometimes overlook: the liver and gut break down most things we eat, including medications and supplements. Cordycepin’s effects on enzymes like CYP450 could speed up or slow down how other drugs move through your body. That could result in too much medicine hanging around, or not enough—in both cases, control over health slips away. Grapefruit juice gets lots of press for doing this, but many herbal compounds can pull the same trick.
Mixing cordycepin with medication always carries some risk. Instead of going solo and hoping for the best, starting a conversation with a healthcare provider makes a real difference. I’ve learned firsthand that the pharmacist often notices risks before the doctor does—a quick check can prevent a big problem.
Bringing up all your supplements at an annual checkup seems simple, but not everyone does. Keeping a complete list and updating the care team stops mistakes before they happen. No amount of online research beats personalized medical guidance for your situation. Cordycepin may have a future in medicine, and curiosity about its benefits keeps growing. Staying smart by looping in your provider lets you explore health trends without stepping into dangerous territory.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 3'-deoxyadenosine |
| Other names |
3’-deoxyadenosine Cpn Cordycepeptide A |
| Pronunciation | /ˈkɔːr.dɪ.sɪ.pɪn/ |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 3'-deoxyadenosine |
| Other names |
3’-Deoxyadenosine Cordyceposide |
| Pronunciation | /ˌkɔːr.dɪˈsiː.pɪn/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 73-03-0 |
| Beilstein Reference | 3594132 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:3614 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL597 |
| ChemSpider | 21310 |
| DrugBank | DB02141 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.037.909 |
| EC Number | EC 3.1.3.5 |
| Gmelin Reference | 142299 |
| KEGG | C01546 |
| MeSH | D015234 |
| PubChem CID | 5281857 |
| RTECS number | GV8485000 |
| UNII | H6GGB6NK4J |
| UN number | UN2811 |
| CAS Number | 73-03-0 |
| Beilstein Reference | 358476 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:3615 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL388111 |
| ChemSpider | 10215 |
| DrugBank | DB02148 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.032.855 |
| EC Number | 3.2.2.24 |
| Gmelin Reference | 7428 |
| KEGG | C06180 |
| MeSH | D020091 |
| PubChem CID | 5280445 |
| RTECS number | GE2805000 |
| UNII | TX376PAL1L |
| UN number | UN2811 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C10H13N5O3 |
| Molar mass | 251.24 g/mol |
| Appearance | white crystalline powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.6 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | Slightly soluble |
| log P | -0.36 |
| Vapor pressure | 6.9E-14 mmHg at 25°C |
| Acidity (pKa) | 13.51 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 13.48 |
| Dipole moment | 4.6924 Debye |
| Chemical formula | C10H13N5O3 |
| Molar mass | 251.24 g/mol |
| Appearance | White powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 0.36 g/cm3 |
| Solubility in water | Slightly soluble |
| log P | -1.42 |
| Vapor pressure | 0.0 mmHg at 25°C |
| Acidity (pKa) | 13.45 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 13.04 |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.557 |
| Dipole moment | 4.4769 Debye |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 426.5 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | –401.8 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -1457 kJ/mol |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 237.7 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -1696 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | N06BX15 |
| ATC code | N06AX25 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | May cause irritation to the respiratory tract, eyes, and skin. |
| GHS labelling | GHS labelling of Cordycepin: `"Warning; H302; P264, P270, P301+P312"` |
| Pictograms | H302,H315,H319,H335 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H302: Harmful if swallowed. |
| Precautionary statements | P261, P264, P271, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362+P364, P403+P233, P501 |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 mouse (intravenous) 20 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50: 20 mg/kg (mouse, intravenous) |
| NIOSH | Not Listed |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL (Permissible) for Cordycepin: Not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 50 mg/daily |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Unknown |
| Main hazards | Harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through skin; may cause irritation to skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. |
| GHS labelling | GHS labelling of Cordycepin: `"Warning; H302; H315; H319; H335"` |
| Pictograms | ☠️⚠️🌡️ |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H302: Harmful if swallowed. H315: Causes skin irritation. H319: Causes serious eye irritation. H335: May cause respiratory irritation. |
| Precautionary statements | P261, P264, P270, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P362+P364, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | NFPA 704: 1-1-0 |
| Lethal dose or concentration | Lethal dose or concentration (LD50) of Cordycepin: "LD50 (mouse, intraperitoneal): 245 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): 20 mg/kg (intravenous, mouse) |
| NIOSH | RN: 73-03-0 |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL for Cordycepin is not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 25~50 mg |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Unknown |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Adenosine Deoxyadenosine Cytarabine Vidarabine |
| Related compounds |
Adenosine Cytidine Deoxyadenosine Cordycepic acid Adenine |
