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Product Name: Ammonia
Chemical Formula: NH3
Synonyms: Anhydrous Ammonia, Azane
CAS Number: 7664-41-7
Molecular Weight: 17.03 g/mol
Recommended Use: Fertilizer manufacturing, refrigeration, chemical synthesis, water treatment
Supplier Identification: Commercial chemical manufacturers, farm supply stores, refrigeration suppliers
Emergency Contact Number: Provided by local supplier or manufacturer, often found on shipping documents
Classification: Flammable Gas (Category 2), Acute Toxicity (Inhalation) Category 3, Skin Corrosion Category 1B, Eye Damage Category 1
Label Elements: Danger; Flammable gas; Toxic; Causes severe skin burns and eye damage; May cause respiratory irritation
Hazard Statements: Gas under pressure, risk of explosion when heated. Corrosive to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Harmful by inhalation. Can cause death or permanent injury with high exposure.
Signal Word: Danger
Pictograms: Gas cylinder, flame, skull and crossbones, corrosion
Precautionary Notes: Avoid breathing gas or vapors. Keep away from heat, sparks, open flames, hot surfaces. Minimize skin and eye contact. Use only with proper ventilation. Store securely.
Chemical Name: Ammonia
Common Form: Anhydrous, Compressed Gas
Purity: Typically >99% as sold by gas suppliers
Impurities: May include water (<1%), oil, or trace metal residues depending on storage and source
Stabilizers: None reported
Other Ingredients: None, sold as pure gas for industrial use
Inhalation: Remove victim from area to fresh air immediately. Monitor for breathing difficulty. Oxygen or artificial respiration if breathing stops. Medical attention required at once.
Skin Contact: Remove contaminated clothing. Flood skin with copious water for at least 15–20 minutes. Seek medical help for persistent irritation, burns, or blistering.
Eye Contact: Rinse with water or saline for up to 30 minutes keeping eyelids open. Immediate medical attention essential.
Ingestion: Seek immediate medical attention. Do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth if the person is conscious.
Note for Doctors: Observe for delayed pulmonary edema or shock; supportive treatment crucial
Suitable Extinguishing Media: Use water spray, fog, or regular foam. Avoid direct water jet which may spread ammonia clouds.
Special Hazards: Ammonia forms explosive mixtures with air. May react violently with oxidizing agents. Gas can spread along ground and ignite from distant source.
Hazardous Combustion Products: Nitrogen oxides, hydrogen, and toxic fumes possible when ammonia burns.
Protective Equipment: Full firefighting gear with self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Avoid entering containers or confined spaces without protection.
Advice for Firefighters: Cool cylinders not involved in fire with water. Evacuate area. Approach from upwind.
Personal Precautions: Evacuate area. Avoid all contact with spilled gas and its vapors. Ventilate affected zone thoroughly. Use appropriate personal protective equipment including ammonia-resistant gloves, goggles, and full-face respirator or SCBA.
Environmental Precautions: Prevent further leakage if safe to do so. Stop spills from spreading to waterways, storm sewers, or drains.
Methods for Containment and Cleanup: Isolate hazard zone. Stop source if possible. Use water spray to knock down vapors. Neutralize with dilute acid solution if safe. Contain wash water and collect with compatible absorbent. Contact emergency response team and local authorities.
Safe Handling: Always work in well-ventilated zones. Wear appropriate PPE. Prevent generation of aerosols. Use only equipment and piping rated for ammonia service. Avoid smoking, sparks, and open flames near storage and during transfer.
Storage Conditions: Store in tightly closed cylinders or tanks under pressure, out of direct sunlight and away from heat and sources of ignition. Keep storage area cool, dry, and segregated from acids, oxidizers, halogens, and chlorine. Label containers clearly.
Incompatible Materials: Do not store with mercury, halogens, strong acids, silver compounds, and oxidizers.
Transfer Precautions: Ground and bond all containers and equipment. Use only properly designed systems to avoid leaks and accidental exposure.
Exposure Limits: OSHA PEL 50 ppm (TWA); ACGIH TLV 25 ppm (TWA), 35 ppm (STEL)
Engineering Controls: Use local exhaust ventilation, fume hoods, and gas detection systems. Ensure emergency eyewash and safety showers are present.
Personal Protective Equipment: Chemical-resistant gloves (neoprene or butyl rubber), goggles or chemical safety glasses, face shield, ammonia-rated respirator or supplied-air respiratory protection in high concentrations, impermeable clothing and boots.
Hygiene Measures: Wash hands thoroughly after handling. Remove and wash contaminated clothing before reuse. Never eat, drink, or smoke when handling ammonia.
Physical State: Gas at room temperature, colorless, pungent odor
Odor Threshold: 5 ppm (distinct strong smell)
pH (solution): Highly alkaline
Melting Point: -77.7°C (-107.8°F)
Boiling Point: -33.35°C (-28.03°F)
Flash Point: Not applicable; autoignition at 651°C (1203.8°F)
Flammability: Flammable in air 15–28% by volume
Vapor Pressure: 8.6 atm at 20°C
Density: 0.73 kg/m³ (gas)
Solubility: Very soluble in water (up to 47% w/w at 0°C)
Molecular Weight: 17.03 g/mol
Evaporation Rate: Rapid as a compressed gas
Partition Coefficient: Not significant due to volatility
Chemical Stability: Stable under normal storage and handling conditions. Sensitive to moisture in air which can corrode containers.
Possibility of Hazardous Reactions: Reacts vigorously with acids, halogens, and oxidizers. Can form explosive mixtures with air.
Conditions to Avoid: Heat, flames, sparks, moisture, direct sunlight, and contact with incompatible substances.
Incompatible Materials: Acids, halogens, mercury, gold, silver compounds, oxidizers
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Nitrogen oxides, hydrogen, and toxic vapors under fire conditions
Routes of Exposure: Inhalation, skin, eyes
Short-term Effects: Severe irritation to respiratory tract, eyes, and skin; coughing, burning, shortness of breath, chest pain. May cause burns and blisters.
Long-term Effects: Chronic exposure can lead to bronchitis, pneumonia, gradual loss of lung function. Repeated exposure worsens skin sensitivity.
Acutely Toxic Dose: Inhalation LC50 (rat, 1 h): 2000 ppm
Carcinogenicity: Not listed as a carcinogen by IARC, NTP, OSHA
Mutagenicity: No evidence in laboratory testing
Other Information: Olfactory fatigue occurs quickly, limiting usefulness of smell as warning.
Aquatic Toxicity: Very toxic to aquatic life; 96-hr LC50 (fish): 0.53 mg/L
Terrestrial Effects: Ammonia rapidly disperses in soil and atmosphere but can burn or kill plants and soil life at high concentrations.
Environmental Persistence: Degraded by microbes in soil and water but with acute effects before breakdown.
Mobility: Volatile, highly mobile in air, soluble in water.
Bioaccumulation Potential: Low, does not accumulate in food chains.
Disposal Methods: Neutralize with dilute acid under controlled conditions, release vapors to a scrubber, or return to supplier for recovery. Only qualified professionals should handle large volumes.
Packaging Disposal: Depressurize and purge containers, then follow local/regional hazardous waste protocols.
Regulatory Requirements: Disposal subject to national and state chemical waste regulations. Do not discharge to drains, sewers, or open environment.
UN Number: UN1005
Shipping Name: Ammonia, Anhydrous
Hazard Class: 2.3 (Toxic Gas), Subrisk 8 (Corrosive), 2.1 (Flammable Gas) in some jurisdictions
Labeling Requirements: Toxic Gas, Corrosive, Flammable Gas
Packing Group: Not assigned
Environmental Hazards: Regulated as a marine pollutant
Special Precautions: Secure and ventilate containers. Follow all regulations for toxic gas transport. Notify carriers and emergency responders of contents and risks.
United States: Subject to OSHA Hazard Communication Standard, Clean Air Act, EPCRA Tier II, CERCLA Reportable Quantity (100 lbs), and SARA Title III Section 313 reporting.
Canada: Listed in WHMIS hazardous substances, controlled by Transport Canada under TDG regulations.
European Union: Classified under CLP Regulation as toxic and hazardous. Requires REACH registration for manufacture or import. Controlled by Seveso III Directive for major accident hazards.
Other Regulations: Covered by strict workplace exposure limits globally; detailed safety documentation needed for handling and transport. Environmental discharge strictly regulated.
